Life’s Moral Character Essay -- Philosophy, Nicomachean Ethics

Lifes Moral CharacterVirtue is a state that decides consisting in a mean, which is intercourse to us it is a mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency. In the book, Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle uses his collection of lecture notes to establish the best way to stretch forth and acquire happiness. According to Aristotle, to live a happy life, you must obtain these to proceed morally bully. Defining virtue and choice with the doctrine of the mean allow for guide our choices and build up moral personality. When we follow this guide of choices can a series of good choices change a vicious character? Aristotle states that the piece function is the life activity of the part of the soul that has reason and I will try to explain those reasons. This is the key part of Aristotles teachings, being open to take your pleasures and recognition and reflect and glean from them.The magnanimous person is very complex and displays the proper virtues at the proper time, i n a proper way. This subject matter you are genuinely inclined to act virtuously for the appropriate reasons. The great-souled man accommodates to his surroundings where he is honorable but not boastful in his actions. Aristotle argues the character of a person is acquired through habits an individual develops when he or she imitate his or her environment. He further believes it is only possible to attain happiness at heart a political organization because happiness represents living well without being concerned with others they solely live for the truth and not approval. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotles expression of the great-souled man is of an individual that represents happiness and obtains the five virtues wisdom, justice, bravery, self-control, and the overall goodness wit... ...tional elements of the person. Aristotle tries to explain what this harmony consists in by exploring the psychological foundations of moral character. A person is good if he has virtues and lacks vices. A series of good choices can change a vicious character if he becomes virtuous by performing virtuous acts. Aristotle says, We become just by performing just acts, and temperate by performing temperate acts (N.E.18-19). In order to perform virtuous acts virtuously the agent in like manner must be in a certain condition when he does them in the first place he must have knowledge, secondly he must choose the acts, and choose them for their own sakes, and thirdly his actions must proceed from a firm and unchangeable character (N.E.30-33). Teaching also provides knowledge of why certain acts are virtuous to people with the right habits, the well-brought-up (N.E. 2-17).

Relationships in Potoks The Chosen Essay -- Potok The Chosen Relation

In The Chosen, Potok describes the Jewish culture during the period of World War I. Beginning with the affluence of Polish Jews before the war, Potok established a draw of family relationships. In the book, there are three main relationships. The first one is father-son, between Danny and his father, insurrectionist Saunders and between Reuven and his father, David Malter. The relationship between Reuven and Danny is the second main relationship in The Chosen. The third main relationship is Hasidism verses Zionism. The relationship between the two fathers and the two sons is a very important theme in this book. Because of their diametric backgrounds, Reb Saunders and David Malters approached raising a child from two totally different perspectives. Despite the obvious differences in the two mens beliefs, both did what they thought was dependable for their sons. Reb Saunders was a Hasidic tzaddik and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. He raised Danny in silence, hopin g to teach him to listen to silence, to learn compassion, and to develop a soul to go with his mind. Unless it had to do with religious studies, Reb never had an actual conversation with Danny after the age of 3. Reb wanted Danny to find things out for himself. On the other hand, Reuvens father, Mr. Malters, felt it very important that he had good and frequent communication between himself and his son. The two would sometimes talk for hours about life, different religions, friends and anything else Reuven would want to ...

Emily Murphy: Canadian Womens Rights Activist Essay -- Biography Biog

Emily Murphy Canadian Womens Rights Activist It was only in this century that women in Canada had equal rights asmen. But this would never happen if women themselves would not start scrap for their rights. One of these women was Emily Murphy and hergreatest achievement, Emily proved that women are persons and thereforethey have the right to cipher in any political office. Her life andpolitical career lead her to this achievement. Emily Gowan Ferguson was born on March 14, 1868 in a village ofCookstown. It was Uncle Thomas who was a politician and who influencedEmilys interest in politics. At fifteen Emily moved to Toronto andattended the Bishop Strachan School for Girls. Emily married ReverendArthur Murphy in 1887 in Anglican church of St. Johns in Cookstown and in1904 she and her husband moved to Winnipeg. Mrs. Murphy conducted theliterary section of the Winnipeg Tribune for a few years before moving toAlberta in 1907. In her wise home Emily became very playactive in civicaffairs especially in law that would improve the rights of women andchildren. In 1900s in Alberta any man who, for example, had a farm and wasmarried could sell that farm and leave his wife and children walking awaywith the money. Mrs. Murphy was angry that Alberta would allow suchdisgrace. In 1910 Emily was still fighting for the Dower Act which wouldrecognize a married womans entitlement to a share of the common propertyin a marriage. For the first time the act was turned down, Emily notgiving up tried very hard until 1911 when Dower Act was passed. Itprovided that a wife must get a tertiary of her husbands estate, even when hedid not leave a will. It was a major victory fo... ... died of diabetes... Emily died ofdiabetes only if she was still part of many pot who helped her achievingwhat she did. Some of these people were women like Mrs. Nellie McClung,Louise McKinney, Henriette Muir Edwards and Irene Parlby. Thanks to JudgeMurphy Canada was the eighth coun try which gave women equal rights. Emilysaccomplishments prove that she was a very hard working women with greatcourage but the most important thing she did not give up on anything thatis why Mrs. Murphy achieved what she intended to achieve, womens freedomin Canada.BibliographyCleverdon L. Catherine. The Women Suffrage Movement In Canada. Universityof Toronto Press, Toronto and Buffalo, 1975.Mander Christine. Emily Murphy Rebel. Simon & Pierre, Toronto, 1985.Women suffrage movement. Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. Funk &Wagnalls Inc., 1986

european colonization of the americas :: essays research papers

Although there is some debate as to whether the prehistoric, Clovis culture was European in origin, the first generally accepted European colonists were the Norse, starting but then abandoning a colonisation process. (For more on this, see Vinland.)The first phase of modern European activity in this domain began with the oceanic crossings of Christopher Columbus (1492-1500), sponsored by Spain, and those of other(a) explorers such as John Cabot, sponsored by England, and Giovanni da Verrazano, sponsored by France and according to some the German Didrik Pining and, the peradventure mythical, Polish John of Kolno 1473, sponsored by Denmark.This was followed, notably in the case of Spain, by a phase of conquest The Spaniards (just having finished a war against the Muslims in the Iberian peninsula) replaced the Amerindian local oligarchies and impose a new religion Christianity. European diseases and cruel systems of work (the famous haciendas and mining industry) decimated the Ameri ndian population. Black African slaves were introduced to substitute the Amerindian. On the other hand, the Spaniards did not impose their language in the same measure and the Catholic Church even evangelized in Quechua, Nahuatl and Guarani, contributing to the expansion of these Amerindian languages and equipping them with writing systems. virtuoso of the first school for Amerindians was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523.The Portuguese switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to an extensive colonization of what is now Brazil.(See also Conquistador, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Hernn Corts, Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conquest of Yucatan, Treaty of Tordesillas, Treaty of Alcaovas)In the British and French regions, the focus of economy soon shifted from resource extraction to trading with the natives. This was also practise by the Russians in the northwest coast of North America. After the French and Indian

Essay --

Life launchs parapets in unrivalleds way for a reason, so you cant give up when there comes one you cant fight through. This quote was once said by a majuscule grandpa to his granddaughter. The main point of the quote is that spiritedness is full of challenges and one has to find a way to move around it or defeat it. Kaye Gibbons, an gravid author, suffers from a disorder call bipolarity. Even though the creative, thinking outside the box, and intelligent author fought through many obstacles throughout her life she still managed to never give up, accomplish her goals, and make the best out of her disorder. Childhood is described as the early stage of existence of something. Bertha Kaye Batt Gibbons was born on May 5, 1960, she lived in an old broken down home that lacked heat and electricity (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was born in Nash County in North Carolina. She was the youngest child of her family however, she was mainly raised by her grand go, Martha. Kaye was raised by her grandmother because in March 1970, her mother committed suicide by an overdose of pulse suppressing drug digitals (Snodgrass.p35). Her father was not much improve than her mother, because he was a self-beating alcoholic. Kayes mother killed herself soon after she found out she was suffering from cyclical bipolarity, which is a manic depression (Snodgrass p35). When Kaye was eight she got put into a foster home because her grandmother was extremely ill and the doctors did not think she was going to make it. A woman named Mary Lee, became Kayes selected mother (Snodgrass p35). At the age of twelve Kaye was working in tobacco fields and attending the Childrens Bible Mission Camp at Falls of the Neuse River (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was never one to put herself out ther... ... and make the best out of her disorder. Kaye Gibbons, the woman she had become throughout her childhood years, her struggling adulthood, and now, she had wrote amazing novels even when she was bipolar. In this resea rch, one has conditioned a million facts about Kaye Gibbons. One learned that it is never too late to keep fighting to accomplish your goals and to make miracles happen. Kaye lived a rough life however, she managed to pick out positives of her disorder. Even though, she went down hill with the painkillers she was prescribed, and prescribed herself, she put them to the side and lived her bipolar eating life the way she should even if there was an obstacle in her way she still goes around it and fought through it because she knew what the right thing to do was. Til this day, Kaye Gibbons is still writing outstanding novels and putting herself out there.

Essay --

Life puts obstacles in wizards way for a reason, so you cant give up when there comes one you cant fight through. This quote was once said by a great grandpa to his granddaughter. The main point of the quote is that life is broad of challenges and one has to find a way to move around it or defeat it. Kaye Gibbons, an outstanding author, suffers from a disorder call bipolarity. Even though the creative, cerebration outside the box, and intelligent author fought through many obstacles throughout her life she st brainsick managed to never give up, accomplish her goals, and make the best out of her disorder. childhood is described as the early stage of existence of something. Bertha Kaye Batt Gibbons was born on May 5, 1960, she lived in an old broken down home that lacked heat and electrical energy (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was born in Nash County in North Carolina. She was the youngest child of her family however, she was mainly raised by her grandmother, Martha. Kaye was raised by her grandmother because in March 1970, her mother commit suicide by an overdose of pulse suppressing drug digitals (Snodgrass.p35). Her father was not much better than her mother, because he was a self-beating alcoholic. Kayes mother killed herself soon aft(prenominal) she found out she was suffering from cyclical bipolarity, which is a manic depression (Snodgrass p35). When Kaye was eight she got put into a foster home because her grandmother was extremely ill and the doctors did not think she was going to make it. A cleaning woman named Mary Lee, became Kayes selected mother (Snodgrass p35). At the age of twelve Kaye was working in tobacco fields and attending the Childrens Bible Mission Camp at Falls of the Neuse River (Snodgrass p35). Kaye was never one to put herself out ther... ... and make the best out of her disorder. Kaye Gibbons, the woman she had become throughout her childhood years, her struggling adulthood, and now, she had wrote amazing novels even when she was b ipolar. In this research, one has learned a million facts about Kaye Gibbons. One learned that it is never too late to keep fighting to accomplish your goals and to make miracles happen. Kaye lived a rough life however, she managed to pick out positives of her disorder. Even though, she went down hill with the painkillers she was decreed, and prescribed herself, she put them to the side and lived her bipolar eating life the way she should even if there was an obstacle in her way she still goes around it and fought through it because she knew what the sound thing to do was. Til this day, Kaye Gibbons is still writing outstanding novels and putting herself out there.

Different Business Structures

in that location argon m each types of organisational structure a melodic line may decide to adopt. This assignment give examine the quartet main different craft structures and present the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The business structures that I will be examining are as follows A sole trader is an organisation, which is have by one person. The as fix ups and liabilities of the proprietor and those of the business are the same. There are no legal or tax distinctions between the owner and business. This type of business is straightforward to set up and dissolve.It requires the minimal legal requirements and costs. The owner house betray all the decisions and female genital organ retain all the profits. He owns all the assets of the business. The owner can draw or invest funds into or out of the business, as he deems necessary. Business losses can be invalidate against opposite income, including claw back of past pay as you earn (PAYE). As the sole trader is self-employed, he is able to defer Income Tax and reduce his national Insurance contributions. The owners in-person assets can be transferred to a spouse (or any other relative).However, the assets may be required to be returned by the court if it is satisfied that they were transferred to defeat creditors that were owed money. There is no legal requirement to have the accounts and records audited. No public disclosure of accounts and records is necessary, unless the business is registered for Value Added Tax (VAT). There is no requirement to register for VAT unless the taxable supplies to customers is equal to, or exceeds, the registration level. The registration level is currently ? 50,000 for a twelve-month period). The main disadvantage for existence a sole trader is the unlimited liability factor.The sole trader is putting at risk his entire personal fortune including his house, car and any other personal assets in his possession that are outside the business. This is becaus e thither is no distinction between the individual (the owner) and the business. The law does not recognise the business as an faux person (unlike a company,) and the business therefore, does not receive the benefits that would be attached if it were. If the business does become bankrupt, the owner may loose his personal fortune to pay the debts of the business. It is withal true that if the sole trader becomes bankrupt, the business cannot legally continue.There are no additional funds available from faithfulness investment by persons outside the business (third parties). This therefore, limits the businesses growth potential. The transfer of ownership is not very flexible and the owner can only sell assets. all told of the profits from the business are taxes as personal income, whether they have been retained within the business or taken out. Although self-employment reduces the issue Insurance contributions payable, it also reduces the benefits of the National Insurance ent itlements. The tax relief on pension contributions is restricted.If any property is transferred to the spouse it is lost to the sole trader if the marriage breaks and the spouse refuses to give it up. If the owner dies, the business comes to an end and the executives in charge of his affairs either sell it as a going concern or sell the assets individually. This is easy to set up and dissolve. There are no legal requirements to audit the accounts. No public access to the accounts ensures confidentiality. Any business losses can be offset against other income. Can be converted to a limited company at a later stage. Benefits of self-employment for income tax and National Insurance.Can attract to a greater extent capital by admitting new partners, however, each partner has the right to veto the introduction of the new partner. Can get credit easily because supplies are not at risk as it is the partners who are taking the risks. A partnership can sue (and be sued) in its own name even t hough it is not an artificial person. Can change s19 of the Partnership act upon 1890, but all partners must agree (s24 of the Partnership Act 1890). Can change planning of the 1890 Act e. g. s24 profit and losses shared equally, but partners may provide for a different share (e. g. ? ? rofit liability) in their agreement.If no evidence of split, their split will be equal. Every partner has legal access to inspect and copy firms books s24 (9) Partnerships Act 1890. Differing salaries may be given to partners before surplus profit is split. No doctrine of ultra vires and partnership may engage in any lawful activity as the partners see fit. Able to access knowledge and hold out of the partners. Limited to maximum of 20 people by Companies Act 1985, some professions are exempt and can have partnerships of unlimited size (e. g. solicitors, accountants, estate agents, sprout brokers).Partnerships are jointly and severally liable for debts. Liability extends to private assets/person al fortune. Bankruptcy of partnership equals bankruptcy of all partners (excluding limited partners under the Limited Partners Act 1907). If a partner dies, his estate may still be liable for the businesses debts. Unless specific continuation provisions are made in the agreement, death, bankruptcy or retirement will dissolve the partnership. Less flexibility than a limited company, in transferring ownership. High level of trust required. Whether drawn or not, the profits are taxed as income.Self-employed national insurance entitlements have less benefits. Tax relief on pension contributions is restricted. Partners can be sued individually, or together by a creditor that has not been paid. However remaining partners must buy out the share of the deceased, bankrupt or retiring partner and it may be gruelling to raise the necessary funds. The Business Names Act 1985 requires the names of all the particles of a partnership and addresses in Great Britain where documents can be served, must be stated at all business premises so they can be easily read. Also all names must go on letterheads/documents.If more than 20 partners, the firm may elect to have a statement on letterheads/documents of the firms principle place of business with indication that the partners names can be inspected there. Partnership will be in contract if a partner without the relevant authority binds them to it (apparent (ostensible) authority). The partnership is bankrupt if all the partners are also bankrupt (excluding a limited partner under the Limited Partnership Act 1907. There are numerous factors that are the same for a LTD and a PLC so these will be covered first and then the individual factors will be looked at later.The company is considered by law as an artificial legal person and has an independent legal and tax status. Therefore it can sue and be sued in its own name. As the company is independent of its genus Phalluss, there is limited liability for its shareholders who just r isk the amounts invested. Unlike a sole trader and a partnership, the company owns the assets. The death or bankruptcy of a member does not affect the company, which has perpetual succession. Also, the members do not go bankrupt if the company is being wound up.To provide funds for the company shares are issued, which can have different classes and rights (e. g. preference shares and equity shares). Only company directors can bind the company. There is no upper limit restricting the number of members a company can have. A company has a greater facility for borrowing (e. g. it can borrow on debentures) and raising finance externally. The formalised structures make management clearer. It is easier to widen the ownership base. There are no limits regarding contributions made to a pension scheme with tax relief.Income tax is only paid on salaries drawn. When profits are retained in the company the higher rates of personal tax can be avoided. It is very time consuming and overpriced to set up as a company. There is a complex registration registering under the Companies Acts, documents must be delivered to the Registrar of Companies and there are many related fees. The companies must conform to the relevant formalities of the Companies Act 1985. There are many requirements concerning factors such as the accounts and records, audits, share issues, directors requirements etc.The accounts and records must be made accessible to the public so competitors will have access to them. Company subject to regulation and suspension from secretary of state for trade and industry, the courts and the recorder of companies certain accounts records to be submitted to ROC less of confidentiality. Audit and account costs high, full audit costs if sales exceed an upper limit. Shareholders personally taxed on dividends. twofold tax when company pays corporation tax on profits and capital gains. Higher national insurance contribution.Limited liability initially as creditors and bank s prayer personal guarantees from directors. Private Limited Company (LTD company) Has no minimum value required for the allotted share capital. Can on receipt of its certificate of internalisation limited can borrow and commence business. A LTD company needs only one director and one shareholder. There is less legislation than PLC to be with. A member can appoint only one proxy who can vote and address the meeting. Can provide financial assistance to a person to help them bargain for the companies shares.It is optional for a LTD to pay dividends. A LTD company can not sell shares or debentures to the public. Has to publish accounts but gets partial(p) exemption from publishing the full accounts, if they are bellow an upper limit. The company secretary is not required to be pendant or experienced, so there may be a lack of knowledge. Share holders can not easily sell shares due to the lack of a market and Articles of association restrictions on transfer. The Public Limited Comp any (PLC company) Raise capital by selling shares and debentures to the public.Needs 2 directors and 2 share holders (unless registered before 1st Nov 1929). A member can appoint more than 1 proxy who can vote but can not address meetings. The secretary must be qualified and posses the requisite knowledge and experience. Public scrutiny over accounts aids performance and efficiency. Large market for shares. No restriction on share transfer on stock exchange, USM and AIM but must keep track of who has shares. Encourages investment into company by share ownership by paying dividends. Can be exempt from the statutory requirement to have its year end accounts audited.Has legal requirement concerning allotted share capital must be equal or greater than fifty thousand pounds. Can not exercise its borrowing powers or enter business transactions until the registrar has granted it a subsection 117 certificate. High degree of legislation, rule and formalities it must conform to, e. g. direc tors retiring at 70 years of age, minimum of 2 directors, voting for directors individually at a general meeting, share allotment. Must publish its accounts in full. Can not give financial assistance to a person to enable him to purchase the companies shares.

Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome Research Paper

Rubinstein- Taybi Syndrome A Physical and Educational Perspective Rubinstein- Taybi Syndrome A Physical and Educational Perspective When speaking of terms of diseases of a r are nature, Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is a explicit mention. According to Joseph G. Morelli, MD, Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome is characterized as, a genetic disease that involves broad thumbs and toes, short stature, distinctive facial features, and varying degrees of intellectual disability (2007). The condition itself is so rare that is occurs besides about 1 in 125, 000 newborn babies (Rubinstein, 2012).The cause of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome can be attributed to a defect in the CREBBP and EP300 genes. The CREBBP gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps check into the activity of many other genes. This protein, called CREB, plays an important role in regulating cell growth and division and is essential for normal fetal development. If just superstar copy of the CREBBP gene is deleted or chang ed, cells make only half of the normal amount of CREB binding protein (Rubinstein, 2012). The EP300 gene, unlike the CREBBP gene, controls protein development before and after the birth.In many of the cases of Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome, no mutation is detected in either the CREBBP or the EP300 gene. In these cases, the case is unknown, but it is suspected that another unknown gene is responsible. Diagnosis of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome can compel a serious disadvantage for a student in the classroom, for which a teacher must be provideing to accommodate. Immediately after birth, the symptoms of Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome can be place. Some of the more recognizable symptoms at birth include broadening of the thumbs and big toes.Although these are a few of the symptoms, the symptoms appear on a walloping spectrum, ranging from constipation to an absent kidney. Over 80% of chelaren with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome have some type of eye abnormality including crossed eyes, cataracts, and tear duct obstruction. Glaucoma may be present at birth or in early life, which can result in blindness if left undetected (Rubinstein, 2012). Later throughout more developmental stages, parents may begin to notice short stature. Once the child begins schooling, the symptoms become slightly more obvious, demonstrating slow development of cognitive skills.Once a child begins to transact tasks such as drawing, coloring, and using scissors, teachers and parents allow begin to notice slow development of motor skills accompanied by low muscle tone (Morelli, 2012). These symptoms are also a bit more noticeable because due to RTS, the thumbs and toes on an affected child will broaden beyond normal size, complicating everyday tasks. This will severely limit to what extent a child suffering from RTS will be able to perform in the classroom. Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome is not inherited by the parents or caused by anything the parents did or did not do while pregnant. nigh cases are caused by a single mutation in one gene. Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome almost always occurs in cases where there is no family history of Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome showing that family history and heredity is not a factor in contracting Rubenstein-Taybi syndrome. Most cases are sporadic and liable(predicate) due to a new genetic defect that occurs while the baby grows in the womb, which was not passed on by either parent (Morelli, 2012). Consequently, parents with a child with a new mutation generally do not have an increased risk of having another child with the disorder.However, the new genetic mutation will be hereditary and an adult with this mutation risks passing on the mutated gene to his/her children. However, it is unusual for people with the syndrome to become parents. There is no specific treatment for RTS that has been ascertained as of yet. Because the disease is genetic, it is impossible for doctors to pinpoint just one area of the body to treat, especially because the disease comes with so many other symptoms. This however, does not designate that modern medical science cannot ease the way of life for a person with RTS.Surgery to repair the bones in the thumbs or toes can sometimes meliorate grasp or relieve discomfort (Morelli, 2012). With all being said, it is incredible to imagine the difficulty that a student suffering with RTS may face in the classroom. A 1977 case study by Goots and Liemohn compared three children (aged seven to ten) with the syndrome to 15 counterparts with mixed mental retardation (Galera & Taupiac, 2009). In the study, it was found that children with RTS were friendly and more quick social. In addition, the students with RTS were more emotional and excitable.Nightmares were seen more frequently, and the students were more likely to pout. Demonstrating lack of focus in the classroom, the students affected by RTS had short attention spans. Important in development at these ages, the students with RTS faced more difficulties in plann ing motor acts (Galera & Taupiac, 2009). Speech problems are present in a large percentage of students. Most individuals have speech delay, but others also have articulation problems. It is not unusual as well, to discover that some students with RTS use sign language as their primary form of communication.Unfortunately for students with RTS, they often times confused with autistic students. References Galera, C. , & Taupiac,, E. (2009). Socio-Behavioral Characteristics of Children with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome Abstract. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 39(9), 1252-1260. doi 10. 1007/s10803-009-0733-4 Morelli, J. G. (2007). Disorders of the Nails. In Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (18th ed. , p. Chap 662). Phildelphia, PA Saunders Elsevier. Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome. (2012, February 27). genetic science Home Reference. Retrieved March 6, 2012, from http//ghr. nlm. nih. gov/condition/rubinstein-taybi-syndrome

Pepsi Marketing Essay

Supermodel, entrepreneur, actress, Cindy Crawford has been promoting the OMEGA brand since 1995. Her striking beauty and international appeal are the perfect complement to OMEGAs image. Cindy purge helped to design a collection dedicated to her the Constellation My prize.PEPSI Todays PepsiCo, Inc. was found in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi Co and Frito-Lay, the worlds largest shaper and distri barelyor of snack chips. In 1998, it acquired Tropicana, the worlds largest marketer and producer of branded juices. In addition to the primary(prenominal) body of 3 companies, the Pepsi-Cola Incorporation too owns four thoroughly-known fast food restaurants in the world they are Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, KFC, and Burger King. Further much, with its 4 fast food restaurants, PepsiCo Inc. owns 24,000 restaurants, more than McDonalds 14,000. base on PepsiCo Incs annual report in year 2000, PepsiCo Inc. has total net sales agreements of 20.438 billion US dollars and they are worth 44 billi on dollars in stock shelter right now.There are several reasons why the worlds second largest soft-drink company, the PepsiCo Inc., is very successful in the world and about exceed the current market leader in soft drink indus set about, Coca-Cola.These reasons are taste, investment, management policy, and marketing strategy.In this report, we will put our main way on marketing strategies and more details analysis, such as 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion), SWOT analysis (strength, helplessness, opportunity, threaten), Marketing Environment (economic, technological, cultural, social, and competitor), advertising, and tar ram market, etc.First element of 4Ps is product. With more and more customers unique needs, besides its regular Pepsi, it adds regular caffeine-free Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Diet Caffeine-free Pepsi, Wild Cherry Pepsi, and Diet Wild Cherry Pepsi into its product lines. Its Diet Pepsi is n matchlesstheless the outset of its kind in Cola market.For the price, bas ed on the laws of demand and supply, price plays a very important role in customers initial purchase. In addition, psychologically speaking, customers cook such mentality to judge a products quality by its price. Therefore, Pepsi has to determine its price very carefully. If the products are wrongly priced, either damage to its reputation on quality or lost of sale due to high price will be resulted. However, Pepsi seems to do ok at the moment. Based on their corporate pricing policy, providing quality products at lowest possible price has ever been one of their main concerns.For example, in or so parts of the country, a 2-liter nursing bottle of Pepsi costs 99 cents a decade ago and still does today.As for the place, it has to get the right target market and has to be available when customers need.Pepsi has done a nifty work on the place, because their channels of distribution certainly provide their products at any market in the American very successfully.Last and the to t he highest degree important element of 4 Ps is promotion. It is so important because how they promote their products will affect how successful their message will be delivered to their target audiences. In 1963, they created a new product policy that is called The Pepsi of new generation. They focus on customers needs and wants. Also, they try to make people memorize their product. Lots of soft drink customers do not get to so-called royalty toward certain brand. Such issue was well noted by PepsiCo Inc.and decides to change customers buying habit. During that clipping, The Pepsi of new generation is a very successful campaign until 1988. After that, they choose changed the marketing scheme to The Choice of a New Generation and still using the same process today. Right now, Pepsi has a special campaign called The Pepsi Challenge that gets a lot of assist from people and offers a good opportunity for Pepsi to earn more profit. In 1974, this promotion also works very well in Kansa s. Advertisement is other promotion they usually focus on the teenager.From Electric Youth to Generation next, Pepsi has had its finger on the youth pulse of every decade. In their advertisings and target markets, they always use idols to catch teenagers attention. For example, in 1984 to 1999, they use Michael Jackson and Ray Charles etc. to be Pepsis spokespersons. In 2001, they have signed a 100- meg-dollars contract with Britney Spears to be Pepsis next spokesperson.The SWOT analysis is another(prenominal) important concept in the marketing. The strength of the Pepsi is his strong, well-recognized brands. Pepsi-Cola owns umpteen of the worlds best-loved consumers brands, especially in uniting America. According to annual report, the percentage of the total sales volume is 45% in North Americas market.For many years, Coca-Cola still has a great position in the American. As a result, if Pepsi-Cola wants to replace the number one position that is a very hard task, and also a big weakness for Pepsi-Cola.Even though PepsiCo has better total sales than Coca Cola (20.4 billion vs. 16.2 billion), however, the market value of the whole company is meet about one-half of Coca Cola (44 billion vs. 93 billion). The main reason is that PepsiCo has its foot into fast food market. Furthermore, the profit margin they make is not even one third of current market leader in fast food industry-McDonald (4% vs. 15%).Pepsi-Cola has launched a campaign called The Pepsi Challenge that gives Pepsi-Cola a good opportunity, because they might get more customers to accept the products and gain the sales revenue for Pepsi-Cola.Because there are a lot of competitors in the soft-drink industry, these competitors often introduce new tastes from time to time and customers have the tendency of trying new tastes while PepsiCo Inc has limited product lines in soft drink despite the fact that they have already have juices, root bear, ice teas, etc. Needless to say, this is a very big threa ten to the Pepsi-Cola.The economic environment can affect Pepsi-Cola very significantly. If we have frightful economic situation, people will trace their own packet more carefully and, in turn, the sales revenue is the first thing to suffer. Although such impact might not be very severe to PepsiCo because Cola can be seen as a daily necessity in American, yet, they still have to constrain close watch.The 270 million people in America consume about 28 million cases of Pepsi Cola annually. In American culture, and its social environment, Pepsi-Cola doesnt need to have a significant change since Pepsi-Cola is a very traditional favor. As a result, Pepsi-Cola Company should focus on two main things- get peoples attention and create the Need.Our technology environment is growing very fast and so does Pepsi-Cola in its technology to hold up their products. Pepsi Company always builds their products at highest quality and catches up with the new technology. Pepsi can always be peoples favorite because Pepsi Company always adapts whatever new technology is available in the market today.In competitor environment, we know that Pepsi-Cola Company face three main competitors Coca-Cola, Quaker Oats, and Cadbury Schweppes. As verbalise by the President of Pepsi in the Cola War, there is never a winner. It is not important whether you win or lose the more important is that to have fun in the Cola War.Although my information might not be sufficient, there are still many different types of information customers could search by themselves. Consumers can also compare information about different or competingcompanies more easily because information is literally at their fingertips. Consumers dont have to deal directly with or influenced by sales people to make their decision of purchases. Companies can also stay in touch with their customers and suppliers by creating web pages and setting up Internet addresses to receive e-mail from customers worldwide.Basic Marketing A G lobal-Managerial Approach, 13th edition Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1999 Gornstein, Leslie. On-line Marketers Targeting Kids. San Diego Union-Tribune, July 2, 1996, Page 4.Pepsi Co. Incorporation one-year Report 1997-1999 Pakistan has a multimillion dollar official contract with Pepsico which entitles the company to put a Pepsi logo on all players kits. Each player gets around Rs 1.8 million every year from this deal. In addition, Pepsi is almost always the title sponsor of series held in Pakistan. But it seems that there is nothing in the Pepsi contract that forbids players from promoting another soft drink off the field. All rights are for on-field promotion, which the players have not violated.PEPSI PROMOTES CRICKET..http//www.pepsi.com/current/index.html http//www.pepsiamericas.com/ http//www.thestreet.com/funds/investing/1396149.html http//www.hoovers.com/co/capsule/9/0,2163,55869,00.html http//garden.2118.com.cn/cnfoods/big5/sale/PACKAGING Back to Top Providing our consumers with easy -to-use, convenient and in advance(p) containers is one of our top priorities. Package origins weve made over the years include the industrys first two-liter bottle the first company to respond to consumer preference with lightweight, recyclable, plastic bottles The Cube, an easy-to-store 24-pack Big Slam, the wide-mouth one-liter bottle as well as our three-liter bottle, designed to provide consumers with extra value (not all products and packaging is available in all markets).Our local bottlers, many of which are privately owned, franchise operations,make all packaging decisions. Most of our bottlers are following the industry-wide trend to use plastic packaging due to environmental considerations. The industry is now making greater use of fully recyclable aluminium cans and PET plastic bottles.More information on Pepsi-Colas environmental commitment, including its packaging initiatives, can be found here.The CUBE is Pepsis new innovative 24-can multipack. It was dubbed the CUB E by consumer focus groups, which are a small test market population thats invited by Pepsi-Cola to give the company feedback before the introduction of a new package or product. The consumer focus groups Pepsi apply for this product coined the name the CUBE and it stuck Polyethylene terephthalate, or PET plastic, is a form of polyester used to make strong, lightweight, shatter-resistant bottles for soft drinks, water, juice and other non-food products. Bottles made from PET plastic, which are marked with the number one code on the or near the bottle of the bottle, are recyclable into products including new containers, fiberfill for sleeping bags and coats, fabric, carpet, auto parts, film and more.2.htm omega The World of Omega is defined by high-profile watches on display in the most select show-windows in more than 130 countries around the globe.Fine timepieces worn by outstanding ambassadors like Cindy Crawford, Pierce Brosnan, Michael Schumacher and Martina Hingis Leaders in their fields who draw out the spirit of the brand through their faces, their words and their actions, reflecting all the elegance, sophistication and achievement behind every Omega watch.Constellation A star on the wrist of the stars. The Constellation is consistent with my image, says Omega spokesperson Cindy Crawford. My Constellation has three qualities I admire precision, elegance, reliability. And for someone who travels as often as I do, its an essential and bonnie fashion accessory.In space, with the Speedmaster Professional, the only watch worn on the Moon and winner of NASAs Snoopy acquaint for helping to save the Apollo 13 mission astronauts Omega Cindy Crawford Model1465.71 Gender/SizeMini List price$2,595.00 Stainless steel case(22.5mm) and bracelet, Mother-of-pearl control with silver pyramid markers, diamond bezel with 30 diamonds totalling .42 karats in diamonds (G-H color, VVS clarity), diamonds in bezel set in 18kt white gold, Swiss quartz movement, water resis tant to 30m.Comes in beautiful gift package.SHOW STOPPER Coupons not valid on this model.Conclusion At the start of this review, I mentioned the fact that I have recently started to sense of smell more at the value for money end of the market, or if you will, lower priced end of the market. Having worn the Zeno for a few months I have to say that I suspect that there are some pleasant surprises for those who dont want to spend a fortune on a watch but want something that is different, rugged, water resistant, reliable but mechanical. The Zeno confirms my theory that a good watch neednt be expensive. It has been accurate, reliable, I have worn it everywhere and many people have asked me if it was new old stock from the 1960s So, yes, I do recommend the Zeno but are there any downsides.? Not truly given the price tag of this watch. It is personal preference as to whether one likes the looks or not. Personally it is different but classic to my eyes I like the design. Not forgetting t hat Zeno make a large range of watches of the rugged variety, both mechanical and quartz and they would all appear to offer good value for money.I might buy more Thanks for reading this I hope you enjoyed it and please bear in mind that all the contents are just my opinion based on my experiences. My watch was obtained from a very affable and helpful UK Zeno dealer whos site is worth visiting to see more examples of the range, web address below Omega Watches Omegas commitment to quality watch making spans 150 years and dates back to its beginnings in Switzerland as one of the first watch companies established there. Omega watches are fit for royalty and feature the highest quality components, precious metals, and technology within every watch that they manufacture. With celebrityendorsements from Pierce Brosnan, Cindy Crawford, and Ernie Els, Omega has established itself as one of the most popular luxury watch brands around the world.The original symbol of perfection and quality, th e classic letter Omega, represents all that the Omega watch company strives to be. For over 150 years, the team at Omega watches has created timepieces of extreme perfection and are proud to insert in some of the worlds most historic and precisely timed moments. After all, if NASA and Formula 1 rely on Omega watches to keep track of their time, why shouldnt you?

Culturally Competent Nursing in an Ever Changing Diverse World Essay

In nursing and healthcargon the issue of finale is more pronounced than anywhere else. This is because many people various ethnic, religious, racial and heathen backgrounds move up forth to hospitals and health charge centres in search of health solutions. Due to these heathenish disparities, patients often fail to receive flavour services because of practices that ar lacking in cultural competence.Cultural competence in nursing and healthcare refers to the efficiency with which a healthcare provider is suitable to offer quality service in a cross-cultural oscilloscope thus enhancing the systems or institutions capacity to usage in effective manners (Dolhun, E. P. et al 2003). Culture influences an individuals values, perceptions, beliefs and opinions. It influences how patients respond to healthcare givers and the medication prescribed to them. thitherfore it is very important that agrees and separate medical practiti nonpareilrs seek to improve their awareness towards the issues raised by cultural diversity in order to improve on service delivery.This paper examines shipway in which a nurse can be more culturally competent. It also examines the opportunities in the work place and nursing school that requires culturally centre health practices. Additionally the paper discusses the issues of self-assessment and client assessment that is geared towards the delivery of culturally competent health solutions. Importance of Culture to nursing. The US is comprised of the most culturally diverse population. A big percentage of the worlds ethnic, religious and cultural groups are represented in this population.This has created a most unique chance as well as challenge to many organizations in the service delivery sector. This is because people from all cultures get ill at one vertex in time and they have to seek treatment. Nurses are thus presented with patients from very diverse cultural backgrounds. Culture influences how distinct people will resp ond to the disparate ways of health service delivery, interventions and treatment (Dolhun, E. P et al. 2003). It is therefore important for nurses to move towards achieving cultural competence in order to effectively deal with the challenges that do it with the cultural reality.Because of the demographic attitude in America service providers are under force per unit area to provide more culturally correct services. The nursing transaction cannot be left behind and therefore the need to comply with the changing needs is overwhelming. Language limitations are also an early(a) issue of concern in attaining cultural competence. Ethical Factor One ethical principle that guides nurses in their endeavour to provide culturally appropriate care is the appreciating that everyone regardless of their cultural thought process is entitled to receive quality health care.Cultural differences can influence the caregivers prejudices and bias towards a patient (Galanti G. A. 1997). In a resembl ing way a patient can misconstrue the caregivers actions and words. This can serve to lower the quality of care given to this particular patient. headmaster ethics require that there be no form of discrimination in the provision of health care but in a situation where there is prejudice on either party, then the quality of care is compromised. Similarly what is considered ethical may have serious consequences when viewed from a cultural context.A fitting example is when the doctor feels obliged to divulge around information to a patient or a certain member of the family, because in some cultures it is believed that giving certain information to a sick person is unacceptable, the doctors ethical actions may be viewed in very bad light Nurses responsibility Nurses are usually supposed to care for the general well being of a patient, they ought to be able to visualize and empathize with the patient in order to cater for their physical and emotional needs. On an individual level, a n urse has a responsibility to learn the practices that are in accordance to cultural competence.It is important that nurses should have an attitude that goes further than just learning acceptable cultural behaviours. Nurses must be motivated by compassion to the patients and driven by moral responsibility (Tervalon M. Murray-Garcia J. 1998). This allows them to display a genuine concern and is thus motivated to internalize harmonious attitudes towards achieving cultural competence. In a hospital setting a nurse is required to be able to anticipate the issues that may arise due to cultural disparities and lack of proficiency in certain languages.They are also to understand the others points of view as well as appreciating the strengths and weaknesses of these points of view. In addition to this, respecting the cultural differences is key to the ability to provide culturally appropriate care. Since the issues raised by cultural diversity are multi-faceted in nature, they require a holi stic approach that calls for a total overhaul in the nurses ways of thinking. There is no one culture that is the standard of what is good or bad and therefore an open mind is important as nurses move towards delivering health care that exemplifies cultural competence.Achieving this kind of competence is only possible if one comes to self-awareness and recognizes their own values, beliefs, opinions, prejudices and biases (Dolhun, E. P. 2003). From here, they can be able to understand how they respond to different points of view from other. Inorder to come to self-awareness one needs to examine their own cultural and environmental backgrounds. An underlying ethnocentricity is part most people where one is protective and to an extent defensive when it comes to cultural differences (Switzer, G. E et al 1998).However in the nursing practice each nurse should be flexible and work towards developing skills of responding to varied cultural settings and situations. Nursing Schools Similarly in nursing schools one is required to meet most of the aforementioned standards. In addition to that communication skills are developed in school. breeding to communicate effectively in a cultural context entails being open-minded, respectful and shunning any form of prejudice or bias (Robins, L. et al 1998). It is a great opportunity to learn form and more or less other cultures.Other communication skills that are essential are listening skills that enable one to establish a rapport with the others. Language skills also play an important role in communication and as such each student nurse has a responsibility to learn other languages. Ofcourse it is not possible to learn all the languages there are but one can do their scoop and that is what is required of them. In the same way nurses should have skills that would enable them to assess the patient in a cultural context. This would entail finding out as much detail on the patient as possible.It would help to understand their et hnic background, socio-economic class, religion, age group and other social entities that they identify with. Learning about their experiences could also aid in establishing biases. Impact of culture on health care In the year 2010 more than 45% of all patients in the US will come from minority cultures. This is due to immigration that is the greatest contributor to the cultural diversity (Tervalon M. Murray-Garcia J. 1998). The health sector has realized the reality of these facts and medical practitioners are now given incentives to encourage them to take up learning on cultural diversity.This is changing the entire medical profession. Many initiatives have been put in place in order to bridge health differences that exist between minority groups and the white Americans. The existence of cultural difference may impact negatively on the care given. Cultural factor do affect the response to the different methods of treatment and diagnosis. Some ideas are perceived differently in dif ferent cultures and in some extreme cases family members can react in ways that may seem bizarre in the western world. ConclusionThe issue of culture is increasingly attaining great importance with the ever-changing cultural mixture. The provision of healthcare is now taking cognizance of the effects of culture on the delivery of these live services. It has been realized that cultural differences have been an impact on the quality of care given. Nurses and other medical practitioner are now under increased pressure to attain cultural competence in order to achieve high standards of quality. This paper opines the achievement of an all round cultural competence is a capacious journey. It will take a collective as well as an individual effort to achieve.Nurses have a personal responsibility to seek to understand the cultural factor. Additionally each one of them needs to appreciate their moral duty to seek self-awareness inorder to understand their own behaviour in response to other people with a differing opinion. Respect and a non-judgemental attitude are important if one is to overcome the ethnocentricity that is part of every human being. This awareness cultivates interest and inquiry. at a time this point has been reached cultural differences will be viewed as learning opportunities that will spur personal growth. ReferenceDolhun, E. P. Munoz, C. and Grumbach, K. (2003). Cross-cultural education in U. S. medical schools discipline of an assessment tool. Academic Medicine. Galanti G. A. (1997). Caring for Patients from Different Cultures Case studies from American hospitals. 2nd ed. University of Philadelphia Press. Philadelphia, PA. Riddick S. (1998). Improving access for limited English-speaking consumers A review of strategies in health care settings. J Health Care ugly Underserved. Supp vol 9 Robins, L. S. Alexander, G. L. , Wolf, F. M. , Fantone, J. C. , & Davis, W. K. (1998).Development and evaluation of an instrument to assess medical students cu ltural attitudes. Journal of the American health check Womens Association, Switzer, G. E. Scholle, S. H. , Johnson, B. A. , & Kelleher, K. J. (1998). The Client Cultural Competence Inventory An instrument for assessing cultural competence in behavioral managed care organizations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, Tervalon M. Murray-Garcia J. (1998). Cultural unimportance versus cultural competence A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. J Health Care Poor Underserved.

Pride and Prejudice Essay

1. What is the conclusive moment that causes Lizzy to not only variety her mind about Mr. Darcy but f all in all in eff?The decisive moment that causes Lizzy (Elizabeth) to not only change her mind about Mr. Darcy but also fall in love with him took place during her visit to Mr. Collins place on the Rosings Park estate which is the family estate of Darcy. On the three occasions that Elizabeth and Darcy meet during this period, Lizzy was exposed to certain truths about Darcy that made her change her mind. First, Darcys project of marriage completely took her off-guard. Although she refused his proposal, Lizzy was nonetheless impressed and flattered by the fact that Darcy had loved her all these months.Second, the letter that Darcy gave Elizabeth cleared many of her misconceptions and prejudices. She understood from Darcys account why he had created a distance surrounded by Bingley and Jane, and about his own reasons for disliking Wickham. It was Darcys letter that helped her see the reality. He had doubted Bingleys true feelings for Jane as he had seen his booster dose fall in love on several occasions before. Darcy didnt want the Bennet family to feel disheartened by any adverse change in events. So before Jane could get too much involved with Bingley, Darcy thought it right to take Bingley away so that later she doesnt example a heartbreak.As far as Wickham is concerned, Elizabeth realized after reading Darcys letter that he had very genuine reason to despise Wickham. Wickham had act to seduce Georgiana and tried to elope with her when she was just fifteen years of age. No brother stern tolerate such advancement towards ones sister. later on in the novel, when Darcy helps Elizabeth in finding her sister Lydia who had eloped with Wickham, Lizzy came more close to Darcy romantically.2. Pick two of the romantic poems studied by two different poets and compare how the romanticism compares to pride and prejudice.Two of the greatest Romantic poets in the history of English literature are P.B. Shelley and John Keats. Shelleys To A Skylark and Keats Ode to free fall are jewels that adorn high romanticism. Romanticism as reflected in these two poems speaks of the ideal versus the real, imagination, subjectivism, poetic creation, change versus constant, and many other traits of romanticism. Of all these traits, the most ballpark quality between these two Romantic poems and Pride and Prejudice is that of ideal versus real. The novel deals with the issue of marriage. Elizabeth and Darcys marriage is the ideal and perfect marriage amongst all the seven marriages shown in the novel. Their union shows that the ideal bond is between two people of equal standing.Physical appearance is not the right parameter to venture a person, as shown through the marriage of Wickham and Lydia, the most unsuccessful marriage in the novel. The series of events that lead Elizabeth and Darcy to analyze and study each others nature and personality, eventually bring them closer. Theirs is not a case of blind love and that is how all marriages should be. A marriage is successful only if it takes place between like-minded people. Idealism, an important trait in To A Skylark, can be found in the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth. The optimism of Ode To Autumn where Keats says that If winter comes can spring be far behind, can be traced in Pride and Prejudice in the way Darcy and Elizabeth finally unite despite their initial prejudices.3. How does the realism of Flaubert go against the romanticism of both Austen and the poets?Flauberts realism was in reaction to the high Romanticism of late 18th and early 19th century in England. The realism that was practiced by Flaubert negated the idealism of Romanticism. In the novel Madame Bovary, Flaubert shows how the romantic notions of an ideal marriage in the mind of a country woman led to her downfall. Unlike the idealism that helped Elizabeth find her ideal suitor in Pride and Prejudice, in Madame Bovary the same idealism backfires. Thus, Romanticism of Jane Austen, Keats, and Shelley do not suckle true in case of Flauberts realism.4. We covered both realistic and romantic artwork pick two pieces from each (2 romantic and 2 realistic) and refer whether the (bennetts), (emma bovary) or (charles bovary) would have this piece on their wall and why. Four pieces of art and three choices as to where to put them.(no pavilion at Brighton).The Bennets would put up Fuselis Nightmare and Thomas Coles The Course of Empire Desolation because both these artworks depict high romanticism. Both Mr. Bennet and Elizabeth are intellectual beings, who love to read classics. So they would prefer more imaginative artworks such as Nightmare and The Course of Empire Desolation. Emma Bovary would prefer J.M. Millets The Gleaners for in her young geezerhood she is full of romantic notions of love and marriage. Moreover she is a country girl, so the picture of gleaners working on the countrysi de farm would appeal to her. Charles Bovary represents the world and characteristics that is abhorred by Emma. He is unimaginative, unintelligent, stupid, and nave. He would probably put up a picture that is as realistic and mundane as Bonheurs The Horse Fair.

Social Concerns in the Novel “The Kite Runner”

In the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, there ar plenty of typesetters cases that prove this to be correct, walking through the vitality as an upper or lower kind citizen, dealing with tough situations. As upper social caste citizens, it is much easier to receive a proper command due to the fact that it isnt necessary for one to get an occupation to help support their family beca manipulation no additional support is ingested. Since upper illuminate citizens weed have the luxury of existence competent to read and write, they are more likely to become successful, for example,Amir, a young son who is born into the wealth of his father, Baba, dialog about how he is using his education to excel in language arts, In school, we used to play a game called Sherjangi, or Battle of the Poems. The Farsi instructor moderated it and it went something like this You recited a verse from a poem and your opponent had sixty seconds to reply with a verse that began with the same letter that ended with yours. Everyone in my class wanted me on their team, because by the time I was eleven, I could recite dozens of ersesOne time, I took on the whole class and won (17). This example shows how Amir has the advantage over virtually kids, who arent as well-off to receive an education and is able to excel by becoming one of the nigh prominent students in poetry of his class. It similarly shows that Amir has a good chance of being a success by using this education to prelude him for when hes older. Rahim caravansary, Babas best friend, also notices that Amir is becoming more fareledgeable in language arts when he reads Amirs first story, I enjoyed your story very much.Mashallah, God as granted you a special talent. It is now your duty to hone that talent, because a person who wastes his God-given talents is a donkey. You have written your story with sound grammar and interesting style. But the most impressive thing about your story is that it has irony. You ma y not even know what that word means. But you will someday. It is something that some writers reach for their entire careers and never attain. You have achieved it in your first story (28). This a turn in further displays that because Amir is able to receive a good ducation, he is able to write impressively. Not only does this example show that he is a good student, but it also shows that if one is given the chance to be educated and takes advantage of it they can become successful. People in the upper class have the opportunity to gain an education because they have the wealth to be able to do so, however people in the lower class arent as fortunate. People who are in the lower class are forced to work unattackable for what they have because, they havent been blessed with the luxury of being born into a wealthy family.This is true for Hassan, Alis friend and servant, who must stay with his father and work at Alis home to earn a living and isnt able to educate himself by going to s chool, however Hassan learns to appreciate life and everything that is given to him, for example, Amir describes a normal day for Hassan and himself, During the school year, we had a periodic routine. By the time I dragged myself out of bed and lumbered to the bathroom, Hassan had already washed up, prayed the morning namaz with Ali, and prepared my breakfast.While I ate and complained about homework, Hassan made my bed, polished my shoes, iron out my outfit for the day, packed my books and pencils. Id hear him singing to himself in the foyer as he ironed, singing old Hazara songs in his nasal voice. Then, Baba and I drove off in his black Ford Mustang (23). This excerpt shows very wonderfully, how Hassan is a hard functional young boy, in the lower class, who appreciates things and makes the best of his situation, he is awake bright and early, full of energy, singing and enjoying the day he has before him, happy to be alive.It also shows the fact that people in the lower class a re able to enjoy the little things in life much more than that of the upper class, because they have to work hard and appreciate the things they work hard for. However people in the upper class may become snobby and take for granted the things that they have, for instance, when Amir is reading to Hassan, and Hassan stops him to ask a question, what does that word mean? which one? imbecile you dont know what it means I said, grinning. Nay, Amir agha. But its such a gross word Still, I dont know it. Well everyone in my school knows what it means, I said. Lets see. Imbecile. It means smart, intelligent. Ill use it in a sentence for you. When it comes to words, Hassan is an imbecile(25). This shows that Amir doesnt appreciate the fact that he is able to be so educated and demeans Hassan for not being able to have an education. However, Hassan shows that he is eager to learn more and appreciates the stories that Amir reads to him and wants to have the full understanding of the story , thus showing that people of the lower class usually show reater appreciation for what they have and earn. Some may like to think that living life prosperously is always a good thing, and to most it is a very positive experience because it represents hard work that one has done in order to earn that rich lifestyle, but to others who come into prosperity without earning it find it hard to deal with the struggles one finds in life. People, such as Baba, know what hard work is and are generous to others who are less fortunate because they know what its like to work hard to become successful, for example, Rahim Khan refers to Babas enerosity when speaking with Amir,I think that everything he did, feeding the poor, giving money to friends in need, it was all a way of redeeming himself. And that, I believe, is what true redemption is, Amir Jan (302). This shows how Baba, although wealthy, is very caring and shows a true commitment to helping others who need it. It also displays the char acter that Baba has been instilled with through life experiences, such as trials and tribulations, which help him to appreciate what he has earned. However to others, such as Amir, who is born into prosperity, dont know the meaning of hard ork or how to deal with problems they are faced with, for instance when Baba is discussing his sons inability to deal with problems, such as bullies, with Rahim Khan he says, Self-defense has nothing to do with meanness. You know what always happens when the neighborhood boys tease him? Hassan steps in and fends them off. Ive seen it with my own eyes. And when they come home I say to him, how did Hassan get that scrape on his face? And he says, he fell down. Im telling you, Rahim, there is something missing in that boy (20). This is a good example of how Amir is unable to esolve matters on his own while Hassan is able to deal with situations and predicaments because of his tough upbringing. It also shows that Amir is incapable of working with co nflicts because he has always been protected and dependant on others, unlike Hassan who hasnt had that luxury of having things handed to him and has always fought for everything he has. In closing, the lifestyle of the upper class can be very fulfilling if the hard work that goes into it is understood, however if it isnt and one becomes spoiled, it can be detrimental to ones life and personality.

“Reading Blind” by Margaret Atwood Essay

1. In her commentary nurture Blind, Margargont Atwood gives her opinions on factors that withdraw a light story good. She writes that a good story has to have a contribution that moves not only across pages but also through time. Most citizenry are first introduced to stories at a young age by the scandalous gossips and family secrets that children overhear their m more or less others discussing in the kitchen, or the oral tales with talking donkeys and definite endings that their grandmother recites to them. All these stories come by voice and they influence the means each and e precise psyche expects from or brings to stories. According to Atwood, a good story has, in more ways, qualities that are similar to those that children want in the tales they are told or overhear. For a story to be successful, it needfully to have elements of mystery, proper buildup, unexpected twists, and an impeccable smell of timing. It also has to effectively hold the attention of the reade rs, and gives them a sense of urgency and excitement in the narration.Toni Cade Bambaras short story The Lesson is one that effectively embodies the voice that Margaret Atwood mentions in her essay. This short story is told through the voice of the main charactera girl from the ghetto named Sylvia. Sylvias narration of the events in this story is as raw and as true to lifespan as whatsoever fiction can be. In Reading Blind, Atwood quotes from Raymond Chandler All linguistic process begins with speech, and the speech of common men at that. The voice in The Lesson precisely portraits the speech of a black girl living in the lamentable urban area with article of faiths that lack auxiliary or conjugations, and by doing so, reveals the reality like it truly is. In order to closely picture the setting in her story, Bambara has sacrificed the proper and boring ways of the English language and stay faithful to the speech and voices of the people whose stories she depicts.Only with this unmasked honesty can Bambara create a short story that is so appealing and speaks powerfully to the readers. Intentionally or not, Bambaras story The Lesson closely observes Margaret Atwoods qualities of a good story and therefore, it is one that captures the attention of the readers and maintains their interest until the end. 2. In her essay Writing go around Stories, Flannery OConnor stresses the importance of heart in a short story. It is, she writes, what keeps a short story from beingness short. She goes on further to explain that the meaning drawn from a story are from experiences, and by qualification statements close the meaning, a person can experience it even more deeply. She uses her own Good res publica People to demonstrate this point. The plot of this story, a bible sales patch stealing the wooden leg of a treasonable lady who tries to seduce him, can simply be nothing more than a low joke. However, as the meaning of the wooden leg is explored, and the act of s tealing the leg is looked into further, it is revealed that this story deals with much deeper issues.In OConnors opinion, no formula, technique, or theory can really provide guidance for a story. In order to learn to write a story, a person must first write one, consequently try to discover what he has done. She also discusses the two qualities of fiction the sense of mystery and the sense of manners. She stresses that manners hoard from the surrounding environments can provide insights into a work of fiction, and also the importance in the depth of spirit in the characters. In Eudora Weltys short story Why I buy the farm at the P.O., the former explores the problems buried deep beneath the surface sibling rivalry of a Southern family. Both infantthe overlooked older daughterand Stella-Rondothe beloved younger onehas troubled stories that prevent them from committing themselves to a dispassionate family life. A shallow reader might summarize the plot of the story in one sent ence A woman is angry at the return of her sisterStellawhen her family turns from her to embrace Stella and her childShirley T. and after a while she leaves home and leaves at the Post Office, making it an unsophisticated and even somewhat comical drama.However, as the readers ponders more about the meanings lying deep under each characters actions their argument about the nature of Shirley T.s adoption, the competition for attention of the elderly in the family, and most important of all, the act of disruption away of Sister. When the readers have got past that initial stage of merely comprehending the story, they can start unraveling its hidden meaning and draw their own conclusion and make their own statements about these meanings. Why I Live at the P.O. is also a story that draws plentifully from the Southern culture of Mississippi from which the author is from. Welty utilizes her knowledge of the people and environment around her to create characters that are realistic while a t the same time mystifying, and thus achieves success in her craft. 3. In his essay Looking for Raymond stonecutter, A. O. Scott makes a statement saying that More lots than not, the big talkers in Carvers stories are in possession of a degree of partition immunity People who carry on as if they know what they are talking about are regarded with suspicion.Carvers greatest sympathy is reserved for those characters who struggle to use language to make sense of things, but who begetter in the start out. By studying Carvers two short stories duomo and What We talk of the town about When We Talk about Love, the readers will soon come to the conclusion that this statement is very true indeed. The very first line of What We Talk about When We Talk about Love reads My maven Mel McGinnis was talking. Mel McGinnis is a cardiologist, and sometimes that gives him the right. It is made clear that Mel is one of the people of the first group, the ones who talk and flaunt their big busines sman to talk in front of other people. Being a cardiologist might have assumption Mel a position superior to his friends, but that fact still does not justify the fact that he talks on. His married womanTerridoes not seem as enthusiastic to discuss the matter of love as he did, however. In the whole conversation, the only idea she is insistent about is the fact that Edher ex-loverloves her.The dialogues in this story are dominated by Mel, who constantly denies this information. For Mela character that carries on as if he knows what he is talking about, Carvers approach for him has not been generous. He describes them with a filter that exposes the flaws and crack in their personalities. Mel has a medical degree, and also a past in the seminary. He is certain that the issue of his knowledge gives him the authority to talk and he utilizes that power with no reluctance. He has a set of ideology of what love should be, and expects that only things that closely follow his criteria ca n be called love. He deems the actions of Terris ex- husband as not only violent and threatening, which they are, but also not love, which they can be. His prejudice on life and love makes him appear less reliable to the readers than the other characters, and therefore, he is viewed with suspicion. The narrator in Cathedral, on the other hand, falls into the second category of characters.Even from the beginning of the story, he has always had little to say. He struggles to make a connection in communication with the blind friend of his wife, but does so unsuccessfully and with a lot of troubles. The barrier between him and the blind man is formed not only by their unfitness to reach each other, but also because of the superior position he has put himself above his wifes friend. Throughout the whole story, the readers witness his efforts to be relevant to the guest and his wife as puff up but he fails to do so. His attempts to communicate with the other characters fall flat, because he is too caught up in his own world. He does not want a person from the outside to come in and obstruct the life he is living, much less a man who knows his wife all too well. He is reluctant and uncertain of this visit and the effects it will have on his life and that is what causes him in the attempt to make sense of things.The empathy that Carver reserves for the narrator in Cathedral can be seen throughout the whole story. Even with his cynical but ignorant outlook in life, the narrator still possesses some qualities that are admirable to the readers. This character is a man who has the typical characteristics of an alpha-male. He is protective of his wife, and becomes jealous of some other man who has gotten close to her. His inability to connect with Robertthe blind manultimately boils down to the competition for his wifes compassion, and even though his thinking is flawed, his desire to keep his wife evokes empathy in the readers. Any person would have felt the same jealo usy towards another one who can potentially take what are theirs, and the narrators failure to communicate with the friend of his wife, no matter how pathetic, is understood by a universal audience and Raymond Carver himself.The narrator in Cathedral and Mel in What We Talk about When We Talk about Love are two types of characters created by Raymond Carver. Mel is a man who can talk a lot about many things, particularly love he comes across as a man who is judgmental and closed-minded. The other one, the narrator, while having his own struggles with jealousy and compassion, portraits a more universal and understandable good-natured of person, and therefore reserves more empathy from the readers and the author himself. By studying these two characters, it can be conclude that A. O. Scotts observation that the big talkers are in possession of a degree of class privilege People who carry on as if they know what they are talking about are regarded with suspicion. Carvers greatest empa thy is reserved for those characters who struggle to use language to make sense of things, but who founder in the attempt is a true and accurate statement.Works CitedAtwood, Margaret. Reading Blind. The layer and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 1408-11. Bambara, Toni Cade.The Lesson. The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 71-6. Carver, Raymond. Cathedral. The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 168-78. Carver, Raymond. What We Talk about When We Talk about Love. The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 187-95. OConnor, Flannery. Writing Short Stories. The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 1619-24. Scott, A. O. Looking for Raymond Carver. The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 1595-9. Welty, Eudora. Why I Live at the P.O. The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charte rs. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999. 1317-26.

Filipino Traditional Music Essay

Main article Filipino folk music Philippine gong music can be divided into cardinal types the flat gong commonly known as gangsa and vie by the groups in the Cordillera region of the bossed gongs played among the Islam and animist groups in the Southern Philippines. Kulintang refers to a racked gong chime instrument played in the southern islands of the Philippines, along with its varied accompanying ensembles. Different groups have different ways of playing the kulintang. Two study groups seem to stand-out in kulintang music.These are the Maguindanaon and the Maranaw. The kulintang instrument itself could be traced to either the introduction of gongs to Southeast Asia from China from in front the 10th century CE, or more likely, to the introduction of bossed gong chimes from Java in the 15th century. nonetheless the kulintang ensemble is the most advanced form of music from before the late 16th century and the legacy of hispanization in the Philippine archipelago. The tradi tion of kulintang ensemble music itself is a regional one, predating the establishing of borders surrounded by the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.It transcends religion, with animist and Christian ethnic groups in Borneo, Flores and Sulawesi playing kulintangan and Muslim groups playing the same genre of music in Mindanao, Palawan and the Sulu archipelago. It is distantly related to the Gamelan music orchestras of Java and Bali, as well as the musical forms in Mainland Southeast Asia, in the first place because of the usage for the same bossed racked gong chimes that play both melodical and percussive. Notable folk song composers include the home(a) Artist for Music Lucio San Pedro, who composed the famous Sa Ugoy ng Duyan that recalls about the loving touch of mother to her child. another(prenominal) great composer whos known as patriotic composer, Alfredo Buenaventura.Harana and KundimanThe Harana and Kundiman are lyrical songs popular in the Philippine Islands dating back to the Spanish period. Harana are traditional courtship songs in the Mexican-Spanish tradition based on the habanera rhythm while the Kundiman, which has pre-colonial origins from the Tagalog region, uses triple meter rhythm. Kundiman is also characterized by a minor key at the beginning and shifts to a major key in the second half. Its lyrics depict a romantic theme, usually portraying love, passion, or sadness. In the 1920s Harana and Kundiman became more mainstream musical styles led by performers such as Atang de la Rama, Jovita Fuentes, Conching Rosal, Sylvia La Torre and Ruben Tagalog.TiniklingThe Tinikling is a Philippine bound which involves two individual performers hitting bamboo poles, using them to beat, tap, and steal on the ground, and fartand against each other in co-ordination with one or more dancers who steps over, and in between poles.CariosaThe Cariosa (meaning loving or affectionate one), is a Philippine national dance from the Mara Clara entourage of Philip pine folk dances, where the fan, and handkerchief plays an instrument role as it places the couple in romance scenario. The dance is similar to the Jarabe Tapato. The Cariosa is accompanied with Hispanic music, and language. It is also related to Kuracha, Amenudo and Kuradang in the Visayas and Mindanao Area.RondallaThe Rondalla is performed on ensembles comprising mandolin instruments of various sizes called banduria composed on the Iberian tradition. Other instruments including guitars, is also performed.It is original to Spain.

Venuti’s Theory of Foregnisation Applied to the Phenomenon

Fan- reading and heterogeneity Venutis possibility of foregnisation apply to the phenomenon of raw sienna-edition In this hear I objurgate out to look the extent to which Lawrence Venutis formation of contrastedising supplanting throw out be put onfully applied to explain the acts of fan- displacement reaction communities. Fan- displacement reaction ( here(predicate)after, FT) is a comparatively recent phenomenon. OHagan , following Flews definition of user Generated issue (Flew 2008 in OHagan 2009, p. 7) derives the bound User Generated Translation (hereafter, UGT) in revision to describe a wide melt down of interpreting, carried out found on plain hire participation in digital media infinites where r abateering is undertaken by unspecified self-selected individuals (OHagan 2009, p. 97). The user in mind is in that respectfore somebody who voluntarily act as a remediator of linguistic in ally inaccessible products and direct producer of translation on the b asis of his knowl coast of the given lecture as well as that of a particular media content or genre, spurred by his hired gunstantial chase in the topic (OHagan 2009, p. 7). UGT thence could be applied to all those translations carried out by non-professional transcribers, often for non-financial motives. The term FT in this essay will be employ more specifically to describe the practice of those users whose interest is directed towards a particular genre that of Japanese heathenish commodities or, more specifically, Japanese b proper novels (Manga), and animated movies (anime). The question that I would like to address in this essay is whether Lawrence Venutis in suaveial theory of translation (Venuti 1995,1998) gutter help further understanding the phenomenon of FT.The intention of this essay is to claim that some aspects of Venutis foregnisation theory do indeed serve to characterise fan- transcribers activities, despite the obvious con textual matterual differences. These differences ar easily summarised FT is non carried out by a single individual or scour by a single group of individuals (unlike the cases cited by Venuti, where he either refers to a group of romantic intellectuals in nineteenth century Germany, or later isolated cases (Venuti 1995, pp. 9-147, 187-272), merely a practice carried out on a wider scale, embraced by a greater egress of individuals utilisationing unitedly as a re locationntial district of practice, broadly composed of non-professional translators, often very young, not al manners sharing the same national identity, and mostly absent the all the room delimitate cultural agenda that Venuti exposed as a justification for advocating the adoption of hostileising translation practices (Venuti 1995, pp. 6-17). Fandom Fan activities prep atomic number 18 gathered scholarly attention in recent years due to the opportunities for community building and the ease of sharing content that the recent incarnation of the W orld Wide clear, or web 2. 0, offers (see for example (Diaz Cintas and Munoz Sanchez 2006 Lee 2009 Sanchez 2009 Koulikov 2010 Watson 2010 Denison 2011 Lee 2011 Castells and Cardoso 2012).The reason for such scholarly attention is that fan activities, in the go of sharing digital content online, weed be said to occupy a liminal space (Denison 2011) that is hazardously close to what is often called (but not often clearly defined) piracy fan texts that are at the liminal edge betwixt fan creativity and piracy. Essentiallytext augmented by, rather than created by, fans (Denison 2011, p. 450).For this reason, fan activities built on the relationship that is constituted in the reception of a particular form of literature have been the pillowcase of academic interest anime texts have become nexus points for discourse around ownership and rights(Napier 2007 and Thornton 1995 in Denison 2011, p. 450). Within the wider spectrum of fan-related practices, some individuals play the role o f prosumers producers and dupers of products, rather than passive spectators (Tapscott and Williams, 2006 in OHagan 2009, p. 9). Prosumers not simply consume cultural products, but also manifest agency by responding creatively to their favourite text or medium. Some examples of fans creative response analysed by legal scholars could be the theatrical audience participation to showings of The scratchy Horror Show, Town bands performing excuse concerts, the the Statesn musical tradition the blues (Madison 2007, pp. 87-703), amateur fan actors producing new episodes of Star Trek, fan produced Harry Potter Lexicon, fan-made flash based verve derived from music, fan-created version of commercial messagely created virtual mascot Miku Hatsune (Noda 2010, pp. 149-158), which are all forms of participation that sit uneasily with the notion of intellectual property rights. The practices of fans of Japanese comics and animation have been of particular interest to legal theorists (Mehra 2002 Hatcher 2005 Lessig 2005 Muscar 2006 Noda 2008, 2010).Here it is useful to distinguish amongst the practices of the dojinshi (hereafter non italicised) community and the practices of the FT community or, to be more specific, communities, since fan translators operating on divers(prenominal) media are described with assorted names translation of Japanese graphic novels is carried out by a process of S messlation subtitling of Japanese animation is carried out by a process called Fansubbing and finally, the process of modification and translation of video games is called RomHacking. DojinshiWhat are dojinshi, and wherefore are they of interest to legal scholar? Lawrence Lessing, professor of fair play at Harvard Law School and founding board member of Creative Commons, in his 2004 work Free Culture how big media uses technology and the justness to lock down tillage and control creativity, uses dojinshi as an example of differential gear whole shebang that could not foll ow in America, since dojinshi are A variant of doublecat comic It is not dojinshi if it is just a copy the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly.A dojinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differentlywith a different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in character but change its look s legerityly. There is no formula for what makes the dojinshi sufficiently different. But they must be different if they are to be considered true dojinshi (Lessig 2005, pp. 25-26) Dojinshi are the Japanese version of what is some an other(prenominal) called fan-fiction in other words, love child fan-created version or master copy works.The term Dojinshi (. Literally dojin stands for same person and shi stands for periodical mankindation, which in side of meat could be rendered as Fanzine or Fan-magazine). Dojinshi denoted a type of fan works that are self-published, small scale publications w ritten by fans for fans of a particular work (be it a movie, a book, a television system series, or a video game) or of a particular romantic pairing possible within that work(Hemmann 2010).Dojinshi are an important side of the burnish that surrounds Japanese graphic novels (manga literally man stands for singular and ga stands for retireings) in Japan. Manga re stupefy both an manucircumstanceuring and a form of expression, so much so that in recent years the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) began to see manga as the new cum of Japans Gross National Cool (McGray 2002 in Koulikov 2010, p. 18) and began promoting the countrys content industry abroad (Yoshimoto 2003 in Koulikov 2010, p. 10).The Japanese manga industry and the dojinshi fan-communities reinforce each other in a way that is perhaps surprising to westernmostern legal theorists because it raises important questions in regards to the efficacy and rigorousingfulness of copyright practices an d of the ideas just almost springizedity and composing that underpins copyright law of nature and associated commercial practices in the west This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial manga market to shut the doujinshi market down.It flourishes, despite the competition and despite the law in the wad of many, it is on the dot because it exists that Japanese manga flourish Lessing 2004, p. 26 The practice of scanlation and fansubbing differ from those of dojinshi artists in some important ways. First of all, they are mostly carried out by fans outside of Japan, and more specifically, while they are carried out in a variety of addresss, the majority of the work is carried out by side delivery fans (Denison 2011, p. 54). Additionally, I would argue that scanlation and fansubbing do not inhabit the same conceptual space of f an-fiction and dojinshi, even if copyright law regards adaptation and translation equally as derivative works (WIPO article 2 (3)). Dojinshi artists on the job(p)s within the idea of complementing the authorized work, while wildcat, are conceptually closer to the wider spectrum of fan activities that are often tolerated in the west (like audience participation to theatrical performances).FT seems to inhabit a narrower conceptual space, closer, and more readily compromised by proximity, to the practices of unauthorised copying that is denounced as piracy, despite the ambiguity of the term piracy itself piracy has never had a enduring legal definition and is almost certainly better understood as a product of enforcement debates than as a description of a specific behaviour. The terms blurs, and is often used intentionally to blur, important distinction between types of uncompensated use (Karaganis et al. 2011, p. ) In order to attempt a conceptualisation of the practices of fan translators, here I would like to adopt Venutis framework of domesticating and foreignising translation. My intention in the next part of the essay is to illustrate how FT of Japanese manga and anime could find precedents in the history of translation. In compact, I draw from Venutis critical genealogy of fluent discourse in the English language translation in order to show that FT should not merely be thought of as free-riding, but that it contains elements of foregoing use of translation as tool for building a national destination (Venuti 1995, 100).Similarly, FT can be said to represent a vehicle for the construction of sub-cultural capital , the knowledge about an athletic dramatics of fandom that allows one to feel comfortable with other like-minded fans, but also to gain status among crevice enthusiasts (Napier 2007, p. 150 in Denison 2011, p. 450) Translation Translation studies as an academic discipline has a relatively short history, emerging about twenty years ago f rom the back of comparative literature departments. The independence of translation studies as an academic discipline revolves around its methodology and the questions it aims to answer.Hence, an important question faces every Translation Studies bookman should one restrict his enquiry to the analysis of linguistic features of a text, or should attention be pay to the context where the practice of translation takes place the figure of the translator his/her motivation what void in the receiving culture is the translator trying to fill the interests played behind the importation and exportation of culture how law, market, social norms and make practices all influence the creation of culture of which translation is part of whether all these form a kind of censorship, and should the translator resist of conform to such censorship, even when is self-censorship? In this essay I would like to explore the possibilities offered by the latter approach, by comparing and contrasting two comm on elements of modern translation on the one hand, the critical work of Venuti in regards to jejuneness and foregnisation and on the other, the phenomenon of user participation in otherwise highly specialised areas of professional translation practice (OHagan 2009, p. 96). To begin with, I would like to introduce the work of Lawrence Venuti (1995, 1998).Venuti describes the state of contemporary translation around the world as characterised by imbalance the imbalance between the large number of books that are empathised from English and the small number of books that are translated into English. This trade imbalance is an rear of the global domination of English which, according to Venuti, leads to a complacency in Anglo-American relations with cultural others unornamented in publishing practices in Britain and America that decreases the cultural capital of foreign entertains in English by limiting the number of foreign text translated and submitting t hem to domesticating rev ision (Venuti 1995, p. 7) According to Venuti, publishing practices in Britain and America reinforce the global domination of English by imposing Anglo-American cultural entertains on a vast foreign readership, while adopting practices of translation that produce domestic cultures that are aggressively monolingual, unreceptive to the foreign, alter to fluent translations thatprovide the readers with the narcissistic experience of recognising their own culture in a cultural other(Venuti 1995, p. 15) Emphasis added). Venuti is critical of the canon of fluency that dominated the practice of translation into English. By fluency, Venuti wants to describe a particular way of translating which emphasise the production of texts that conceal their foreignness and instead makes them appear as the original expression of the foreign author, essentially unmediated by the process of translation. Venuti defines such process of assimilation, in a manner that conceals the text foreign origin, as d omestication.While admittedly all translation is appropriation and assimilation, domestication has the troubling effect, according to Venuti, of reinforcing an ethnocentric attitude towards foreign cultures the belief that other cultures are in fact no different from ones own and therefore, that ones own culture is familiar the prevalence of fluent domestication has supported these developments the monolingual, unreceptive and narcissistic culture above because of its economic value enforce by editors, publishers, and re thinkingers, fluency results in translation that are eminently readable and therefore consumable in the book market, assisting in their commoditisation and insuring the give way of foreign texts and English-language translations discourses that are more resistant to easy read aptitude (Venuti 1995, pp. 15-16).In order to resist and change the conditions under which translation is theorised and practiced today, especially in the English-speaking countries Venuti w ants to put foregoing a strategic cultural intervention in the current state of world affairs, pitched against the hegemonic English language nations and their unequal cultural exchanges in which they engage theory global others (Venuti 1995, p. 20). Venutis argument then is that literary translators, in an effort to challenge current translation practices, should attempt a foreignising approach to translation. What this mean in practice is the production of texts that read as translations and the suggested method to achieve this effect is a theory of translation that emphasise heterogeneity of language.Languages are never monolithically homogeneous entities different agents will employ language in a different way, according to whom, and in what manner, is an utterance is addressed. Standard literary English is language that exists only in translated foreign literature. Foreignising translation then should attempt to disrupt the homogeneity imposed by textual transparency and fluid ity of the reading experience by inserting traces of heterogeneous language (slang, dialect, archaism, cliques, etc ) into an otherwise sanctioned translation. Foregnisation, according to Venuti, can alter the way translations are read as well as produced (Venuti 1995, p. 24).Whether foregnisation can achieve the results that Venutis cultural political agenda aim towards is still unclear Venuti himself reports that critical reviews of his translated works did indeed cause some reactions some reviewers found this choice of words unconvincing, suspecting that Italian romantics would not have expressed themselves with the obvious colloquialism that Venuti strategically employed (Venuti 1998, 19). Such criticism only goes to confirm Venutis belief the fact is that Italian romantics would not have used most of the words in my translation because they wrote in Italian, not English (Venuti 1998, 19-20). The reader had to suspend her cultural and linguistic expectations towards to the forei gn text and was obligate to take notice of the mediated nature of the translated text, exposing in the criticism the dominant narrative form and a prevalent ethnic stereotype (Venuti 1998, 20). Pym (Venutis Visibility Anthony Pym Target 8/2 (1996), pp. 65-177) is unconvinced about the passage from foregnisation to the professed democratic agenda if translators refuse to produce fluent texts, if they make themselves visible by means of the use of resistant strategiesall the rest will surely change too. Such would appear to be the gung-ho reasoning that makes Venuti so visible (Pym 2010, p. 2). The passage from a disrupted reading experience to the wider democratic agenda that Venuti takes for given is rather unclear. Supposing a reader gets what Venuti is trying to do and is taken out of the illusion of being very reading the words of the original author the reader becomes aware of the translation being a translation. How can this, beyond achieving a degree of visibility for the translators, achieve further goals?Venuti himself is aware of these difficulties and asks what would happen if a translator tried to redirect the process of domestication by choosing foreign texts that deviated from transparent discourse and by translating hem so as to signal their linguistic and cultural differences? Would this effort establish more democratic cultural exchanges? Would it change domestic values? Or would it mean banishment to the fringes of Anglo-American culture? (Venuti 1995, pp. 40-41). Central to Venutis concerns, however, there is an aspect of translation that Pym recognizes as key to contemporary translation practices the question of copyrights. procures Venuti dedicated a chapter of his 1995s work to the Italian writer Iginio Ugo Tarchetti (1839-1869) (Venuti 1995, 148-186). In 1865, Tarchetti plagiarised Shelleys narrative the mortal immortal by translating it into Italian without acknowledging the English author.While Venuti recognises that the shrewdn ess and sheer audacity of Tarchettis plagiarism may make it attractive(a) to dissidents in Anglo-American literary culture, he also recognises the practical limits of such practice Tarchettis translation practices cannot be imitated today without significant revision. Plagiarism, for example, is largely excluded by copyright laws that bind translators as well as authors to publish an unauthorized translation of a copyrighted foreign text is to invite legal transactions whose cost will far exceed the translators income from even a bestselling translation (Venuti 1995, 185). Venuti advice to contemporary English-language translator is not break the law, but rather, to choose carefully what to translate The choice of a foreign text for translation can be just as foreignising in its impact on the target-language culture as the invention of a discursive strategy.At a time when deviations from fluency may limit the circulation of a translation or even prevent it from getting published i n the first place, Tarchetti points to the strategic value of discriminating carefully among foreign texts and literatures when a translation project is developed (Venuti 1995, 185-186). Venuti calls attention to the manner in which contracts and copyright laws regulate the production of translated literature. Translation, according to the Berne international copyright convention is defined as derivative work (WIPO article 2 (3)). Therefore, translation is morally and legally bound to the will of the original author (WIPO article 8).Copyright law varies according to nations, the US and UK escapeing the concept of Authors rights that is present in most continental Europes laws, while the US and UK have clearly defined fair use clause that are not present in continental Europe. Pym agrees that copyright law on translation command revision The idea of limiting the authors translation rights to a short period of perhaps five years sounds like an excellent practical way of excite tran slations but at the same time, he is sceptical of drastic measures But is our complaint really that the translators authorship is never given full legal recognition? (Venuti 1995, p. 9) Do we have to do away with the distinction between author and translator, or even with copyright altogether? (Pym 2010, p. 4).International Copyright law reinforces the idea that translation is not transformative work, which is defined more narrowly in terms of criticism or parody. Translation as derivative work falls within the category of copy that is regulated by copy-rights. While much translation theory in the past 20 years since the emergence of translation studies as an academic discipline has struggled to establish translation as a serious intellectual endeavour worthy of scholarly attention, the commercial reality that regulates the production of translation tells a strikingly different tale literary translation, as a form of cultural production, is regulated by the practices of the publis hing industry.The translation of foreign literature is subject to norms, laws and market restrictions, as well as architectural conditions. Lessing model of restriction that applies to all cultural commodities (i. e. culture that is bought and sold, of which translated literature is part of (Lessing 2005, 133). Lessing sees cultural commodities as subjected to restrictions that until the 20th century were fairly balance publishers rights were regulated by copyrights law, so as to limit their monopoly over the production and distribution of culture. This guaranteed the exclusive ability to reproduce and translate literary works on behalf of the author for a confine time.The concept of a limited monopoly was balanced by the fact that once such monopoly expired, artistic works would fall into the public domain and so become operational for the general public to read, print, distribute and translate without the need to aim the copyright holder permission. Unlike the law in continent al Europe, according to common law practices in the US and UK, the copyright holder could control the distribution and translation of a work regardless of the authors wishes. In continental Europe, by contrast, the concept of authors rights recognise the moral right to claim authorship of a work and to retain the ability of stop distribution of his work.One might curiosity if, before the introduction of copyright laws, translators indulged indiscriminately in the plagiarism of foreign works as in the example of Tarchetti. The truth is that until 1790, in the United States the right granted by a copyright only gave the author the exclusive right to publish a particular book and did not extend to derivative works it would not interfere with the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted book, or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a published book) (Lessing 2005, 136) It seems almost impossible in the contemporary world to imagine a time where the right of translators matched those of the foreign author.It seems natural to imagine the chaos that lack of copyrights would cause an infinite number of translators plagiarising the work of foreign authors and passing them as their own creations. It is this anxiety in regards to plagiarism, of a lack of clearly established standards of authorship that drives suspicion about translation. Authorship as creative genius is a value that is attached to a person or a work of art. This value can be seen reflected in the idea of intellectual property which depicts copyrights rights as a natural state of affairs, that is, a natural property right. However, according to William Patry, copyrights are created solely the government and therefore should not be understood as an end in itself, but instead an end to a social objective furthering learning (Patry moral panic, 103).Patry argues that the shopping mall of property is not absolute dominion over things, but rather, it is de termined by a system of social relationships property is quintessentially and absolutely a social institution. Every concept of property reflectsthose choices that we as a society- have made LAURA UNDERKUFFERLER, 203, 54 IN PATRY 103 (Patry 103). That means that copyrights, and the idea of authorship that underpins copyrights, are determined by social practices and therefore reflected in social norms, and finally and more concretely, in the legislation that regulate copyrights. in the first place copyright renewal in the United States became automatic in 1992, only a small per centum of authors claimed them, and even smaller percentage applied for renewal (Patry, 67-68).Paradoxically, copyright became valuable to corporations only when they were given automatically without authors having to do anything to claim it Survey of renewal rates in the United Stes from 1910 to 2001 found a weave between 3 percent in 1910 to 22 percent in 1991of all the books published the joined states in 1930, and therefore under copyright until 2025, only 174, or 1. 7 percent, are still in print (Patry 68). The boundary that separates a legitimate creative response to a work of art and an illegitimate one is made tangible in law by the prohibition to copy, adapt or translate without the consent of the foreign author. Such law, which seems almost common sense in contemporary society, has a relatively short history. Changing attitudes towards intellectual property rights reflect contemporary anxiety in regards to originality and authorship, which contributes to the marginality of translation.According to Venuti whereas authorship is in the main defined as originality, self-expression in a unique text, translation is derivative, neither self-expression nor unique it imitates another text given the reigning concept of authorship, translation provokes the fear of inauthenticity, distortion, contamination (Venuti 1998, 31). This anxiety affects the most those concerned about plagiar ism, especially academic institutions and academic publishing translation is rarely considered a form of literary scholarship, it does not currently constitute a qualification for an academic appointment in a particular field or area of literary study, and, compared to original compositions translated texts are infrequently made the object of literary investigate (Venuti 1998, 32). Here Venuti is critical of the academic deference towards the original at the expenses of translation.The concept of authorship here joins that of fluent translation in an attempt to present the foreign author as the one who is speaking through the medium of the text, in order to ascertain the authorial intention that constitutes originality (Venuti 1998, 31). The Translator hence become an ill-fitting middle man that must hide, as much as possible, both the facts that the text in question is a not the original, and that the foreign author did not employ the language of the translation. The middle man g oes unnoticed, not by mere oversight, but quite deliberately. Copyright law, also reflected in translation contracts, perpetuate this neglect. Copyright, as we have seen, by defining translation as derivative work, justify contracts that employ translators as work-for-hire, so that the product of their work belongs to the publishing company who do not have to acknowledge the translator.Practical example of this is the lack of the translators name on the cover of a volume or in depository library catalogue indexes, or the disparity between the royalties that the translator receives in comparison to those of the foreign author. The disparity between authorship and translation affects the whole production of commercially translated literature. What i would like to explore next is the side of contemporary translation that is not affected by commercial consideration or in need of academic recognition. Here the terminology varies from non-commercial translation to amateur translation or f an-translation, but from the point of view of copyright holders it represents a more straightforward phenomenon theft of intellectual property, or in other words, piracy. plagiarismAs Castells and Cardoso points out, we ordinarily look at media consumption, of which translated literature is an example of, starting from a media industry definition (Castells and Cardoso 2012). In other words, the content that is normally available to us to read, watch or listen to is usually made available through the payment of a fee or because it is supported by advertising. The commercial relationship that binds together media companies and individual is regulated by a set of rules that are legally formalised into rights and obligations (Castells and Cardoso 2012). Piracy, by infringing these rights and obligations, can be a usefully employed to illustrate some of the issues that characterise the status of translation in the current world, how translation is produced and distributed.In short, the argument I would like to put forward is such piracy is used to describe everything that is not in the public domain but that can be obtained from non-authorised sources, shared with others, whether for free or not. This means that piracy could be whatever is made available to share that contain even parts, or traces, or adaptations, of existing copyrighted works. A pirate here is defined as anybody who makes use of existing copyrighted material in order to express something of his own (with the exception of criticism or parody, which are allowed by law) (WIPO? ). On one side of the debate there are internet users and in particular peer-to-peer (P2P) networks function as efficient tools of distribution of digital content. On the other, litigious media corporations fighting a moral crusade against intellectual theft.The sides of this war, however, assume different connotations depending on who is doing the description for the copyright holding corporations, authors are being robbed o f the fruits of their work here the fight is described as one between intellectual copyright owners and thieves. On the other side, is it estimated that more than 40 million American citizens have used the internet to transfer content hence a substantial part of US citizens is being criminalised. Lessing asks Is there another way to assure that artists get paid without transforming forty-three million Americans into felons? Does it make sense if there are other ways to assure that artists get paid without transforming America into a nation of felons? (Lessing 2005, 202).The model of distribution of culture that once revolved around a few selected corporations is now being challenged by technological innovations that were inconceivable a generation ago. Digital content can be shared across the world free of physical constrains (such as books, shops, printing press, etc. ) but also free from the editors, publishers, and reviewers which Venuti sees as the source of neglect of foreig n texts and translation practices that emphasise heterogeneity of discourse. The sharing possibilities offered by the net act as a source of heterogeneity they provide easily accessible, free to share, translated foreign literature that constitutes an alternative to what is available commercially.Venuti limited his theory of translation within the boundaries of commercial translation, albeit as a form of dissidence in respect to the practices oblige by institutional channels. What is of interested here from the point of view of translation are the possibilities offered by working outside the commercial paradigm, the translation practices of those communities that focus on literature, like dojinshi, that are not accessible to the translators working within the legitimate sphere, whether due to social norms, ideology, poetics, of purely economic reasons. The net provides a venue (cultural space? Deleuze and Guattari) for that sub-cultures that are neglected by commercial organization s (and that could not be catered for legally by other institutions). 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