Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Entrepreneurship Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words
Entrepreneurship Business Plan - Essay Example A wide range of SUVs, small cars, sedans and luxury vehicles will be marketed through the showroom of XXX Automobile. The objective of the business is to become one of the leaders in vehicle retailing market in Geneva. The operations of the business will be performed by an experienced management team. In order to ensure higher productivity, the business will take assistance from advisors and technical experts and thus can help to secure the business from possible risks. The start-up cost of the business is expected to be ? 3,850,000; majority of which will be collected by availing bank loans. The major drivers for success of the business will be quality products with reasonable price and better customer service. XXX Automobile plans to be a start-up car dealership business. XXX Automobile will intend to serve vehicles for middle class and upper class markets. The business is planned to be commenced in the downtown of Geneva in Switzerland City considering the fact that the market of Geneva is untapped and there is high potentiality for car business in that region. People in Switzerland also desire for quality, stylish and world class vehicles. The developed economy of Switzerland along with increasing population and demand of vehicle can increase the probability of success for the business by a considerable extent. The paper describes a detailed business plan for opening vehicle showroom in Geneva city of Switzerland. The objective of the paper is to develop a structured planning for marketing, finance and other significant aspects in order to commence the showroom for demanded vehicles. The paper has also considered the market of automobile along with personnel strategy to conduct the business effectively and ensure profitability. 2.0 Business Description XXX Automobile is expected to be operating as the authorised dealer of Volkswagen Group. The showroom will provide sales and services of new models of Volkswagen. The business will also attempt to procure car s directly from Volkswagen and sell through the showroom to the people of Geneva maintaining a direct supply chain connection with the producer. Therefore, the vision of the business will be to become one of the top-rated Volkswagen dealers in Geneva. The mission of XXX Automobile will be to gain and empower customer loyalty by delivering quality products, services and professional assistance to the customers. The major drivers of the business would be: To manage the threat of other competitors of XXX Automobile through effective advertisements and promotion To deliver products on schedule To control the budget To manage the expenses of business To provide superior customer service To maintain strong network with customers and other business associates 2.1 Business Opportunity The Swiss automobile market has remained resilient throughout the first quarter of 2012 and experienced increase of car registration by 9% than the previous year. The sales of passenger vehicles have demonstra ted strong
Monday, October 28, 2019
My Favorite Entrepreneur Essay Example for Free
My Favorite Entrepreneur Essay My favorite entrepreneur: Ms. Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty by a teenage single mother in 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. For the earliest years of her life she was raised by her maternal grandmother, and under her kind-hearted discipline was taught to read by the age of two and speak exceptionally by the age of three. When Winfrey was six years old, she was sent to live with her mother in Wisconsin. She was submerged into inner-city Milwaukee, and faced the hardships of growing up in the urban ghetto. Her mother had many problems of her own and was so consumed by them that she was unable to give attention to her daughter. This had many adverse consequences, and left Winfrey vulnerable to multiple counts of sexual abuse at an early age, including by her mothers boyfriend, a teenage cousin, and a family friend. She also became pregnant at the age of 14, but her son died at infancy. As she got older, she struggled with racism and was discriminated against by her peers because of her economic status. The neglect and problems she encountered led Winfrey to develop an aggressive attitude, and eventually her mother could no longer deal with Winfreys delinquency and so she sent her to live with her father in Nashville, Tennessee. With his strict disciplinary mechanisms and value for education, Winfreys father helped her turn her life around. She became an honor student and at the age of 17 began her broadcasting career on the radio station WVOL. She earned a scholarship to Tennessee State University and studied drama and speech. At the age of 19 she landed an anchor position for WTVF-TV, Nashvilles CBS affiliate. Here she was the first African-American and the youngest person to ever be an anchor on the network. Not too late afterwards in 1976 she moved to Boston to take on a position as co-anchor for WJZ-TV evening news. However, it was hard for her to contain her emotions on many of her stories, and her attachment to the subject matter made her a poor fit for the position. She was fired for these reasons. Nevertheless, a manager at the network saw her ability to connect closely with the subjects and her excellent communication skills and found a position more suited towards her as a co-host on talk show People Are Talking. The show’s ratings soared, and Winfreys success attracted attention in the Midwest where she was offered a position as anchor on AM Chicago. It almost instantly became the #1 local talk show and within a year was renamed the Oprah Winfrey Show. The show was soon picked up in 120 cities and became the nation’s top talk show. However, Winfrey did not like the idea of working for someone else, and in 1986 she founded Harpo, Inc. and took on the Oprah Winfrey Show by 1988 in her own studio in Chicago. The third woman in history to own and produce her own show, as well as the first African-American to own her own entertainment production company, Winfrey was capitalizing success. The early years of the program was classified as a tabloid talk show, however as years went on Winfrey adopted broader topics such as disease, spirituality, substance abuse, geopolitics, domestic topics, celebrity interviews, and philanthropy. She herself has become one of our worlds most noted philanthropists and also hosts televised giveaways. In addition to her talk show, Winfrey acted and voiced-over in different movies and TV shows, as well as ones she produced herself like The Women of Brewster Place and Brewster Place. Furthermore, Winfrey has co-authored five books and publishes O, The Oprah Magazine and O at Home, which was dubbed the most successful start-up ever in the industry by Fortune in 2002. She also created her website Oprah. com, one of the top womens lifestyles websites, as well as Oprah’s Book Club, the largest book club in the world. Winfrey went on to co-found womens cable television network Oxygen. In January, 2011, Discovery Health Channel was changed into a new channel called OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. Winfrey, for many years now, has been viewed as the most powerful woman in the entertainment industry, and even beyond the entertainment industry. The Wall Street Journal coined the term Oprahfication meaning therapy through public confession, and there have been numerous incidents of the Oprah effect where her public opinions influence consumer choices. She has been invited onto the corporate boards of ATamp;T, Ralph Lauren, and Intel, all of which she turned down. Winfrey holds a fairly private personal and business life, as all her employees are sworn to keep things private for the remaining of their lives, and she holds full control in all her distribution deals with ABC, Oxygen Network, and Hearst Magazines. She also holds 90% of Harpos stock. By the age of 41, Winfrey had a net worth of $340 million and replaced Bill Cosby as the only African American on the Forbes 400. She has remained the only African American to rank among Americas 400 richest people nearly every year since 1995, and is the ichest African American of the 20th century. From 2004 to 2006 Winfrey was the worlds only black billionaire and the first black woman billionaire in world history. In 2010 she took on the title of the richest self-made woman in America. Her 2011 salary was $290 million and she had a set worth of $2. 7 billion. Throughout this all, Winfrey is lives her life by two principles: live a great life for yourself and make a difference in the world. These ha ve been motivating factors for Winfrey too overcome the different struggles in her life and pull forward to a positive outcome. Her intellectual and emotional qualities paved the way for her to really connect with diverse people of difference backgrounds, values, and experiences, and to open up all sorts of subject matter in a some-how comfortable setting although very public. Her public speaking and proficient communication abilities allowed her to emerge as such a strong candidate in the industry. Even with that, Winfrey is a woman of self-improvement and took improv classes at Chicagos own Second City to work on her presence and wit in high pressure situations like on talk shows and live television. But her success isnt all in her broadcasting or talk shows. In fact, Winfrey says her success began as a third grader when she turned her book report in early. She stands by the ideas to always go the extra mile, and that we are all entitled to success. Let excellence be your brand, Winfrey says at a 2012 speech to Spellman College graduates. Winfrey is a strong believer in doing the right thing, and she guarantees that doing right will only allow for right to come back to you and carry you on your way to success. Another point Winfrey strongly upholds is finding a way to serve. She says that she doesnt serve TV she serves the world through TV, and that is what each of us should do as we find our niches to use our success as a way to serve. Furthermore, Winfrey believes it is key to know who you are and to take charge of your life. Making decisions for one’s self and pursuing goals is absolutely critical if one wants to find success. Winfrey was able to use these ideals, lessons from her life, and her true passions and talents to go from rags to riches, to become the Queen of talk shows, and a historical success legend.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
History Of United States Coinage (coins) Essay -- essays research pape
History of United States Coinage Through United States history presidents like Lincoln, Roosevelt, Washington, Kennedy, Eisenhower and others have been displayed on U.S. Coin heads. The United States mint has also been responsible for designs such as the Indian head, the buffalo, and the ever famous lady liberty. Through the years the U.S. Mints have extended into three branches San Francisco, Denver, and Philadelphia (Yeoman, 2001 edition 101). Those branches are responsible for making certain marks on the coins to show that they are not counterfeit. The mints have also come up with what they call their proof standards. Coins have been around for many years, they have had changing mints, designs, and variety's which have all been represented by past events and presidents. The U.S. Mint has it's own standards as in how good of a state the coin is in after wear and tear. The best a coin can ever be is called the proof state which is a specially made coin distinguished by sharpness of the detail and usually with a brilliant mirror like surface (Yeoman, 1999 edition 5). The next state down is the mint state (ms) these coins show no trace of being worn nor blemishes or color loss (Yeoman, 1999 edition 6). Third down is called perfect uncirculated (ms-70) these coins show perfect new condition, showing no trace of wear, no evidence of scratches, handling or contact with other coins, very few regular issued coins are ever found in this condition (Yeoman, 1999 edition 7). The fourth down state is choice uncirculated (ms-65) which is an above average uncirculated coin which may be brilliant or lightly toned and has very few contact marks on the surface or rim (Yeoman, 1999 edition 8). The fifth state down is the uncirculated (ms-60) which has no trace of wear, but may show a number of contact marks, and surface may be spotted or lack some luster (Yeoman, 1999 edition 9). The sixth state down is choice about uncirculated (au-55) it bears evidence of light wear on only the highest points of the design, most of the mint luster remains (Yeoman, 1999 edition 10). The seventh state down is about uncirculated (au-50) this coin has traces of light wear on many of the high points and at least half the mint luster is still present (Yeoman, 1999 edition 11). The eighth state down is choice extremely fine (ef-45) the design is lightly worn through, but all features are shar... ...d for 14 years. Â Â Â Â Â B.The half dollar is worth two quarters in the U.S. . Â Â Â Â Â 1.The Walking Liberty half dollar was minted for 31 years. Â Â Â Â Â 2.The Franklin half dollar was minted for 15 years. Â Â Â Â Â 3.The Silver Kennedy half dollar was only minted in 1964. Â Â Â Â Â 4.The Bicentennial Kennedy half dollar was minted for one year. Â Â Â Â Â C.The Silver dollar was the most admired coin in the U.S. Mint. Â Â Â Â Â 1.The Morgan Silver dollar was minted for 43 years. Â Â Â Â Â 2.The Peace Silver dollar was minted for 14 years. Â Â Â Â Â 3.The Eisenhower Silver dollar was minted for seven years. Â Â Â Â Â 4.The Bicentennial Silver dollar was minted for one year. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â
Thursday, October 24, 2019
How Bilbo Baggins Changed to Become a Hero Essay
In J.R.R. Tolkien’s, The Hobbit, the heroic nature of Bilbo Baggins is depicted through his actions in each mental and physical challenge. His mental challenges in learning about himself, what he is capable of achieving, and being a faithful leader in times of crisis, the physical challenges of fighting off spiders, goblins, and Wood-elves. The hero of the novel is witnessed from being a modest and timid hobbit to a clever and respected leader. Even though he didn’t start off as an extraordinary hero, he was slowly turning into one. Bilbo’s growing valor is shown with his riddle fight with Gollum. â€Å"Straight over Gollum’s head he jumped, seven feet forward and three feet in the air.†This proves that Bilbo is willing to take risks and have the skill to jump that high takes true grit. Also in this chapter, he becomes more verbally heroic, for example: â€Å" ‘ Come on!’ said Bilbo. ‘I am waiting!’ He tried to sound bold and cheerful, but he did not feel at all sure how the game was going to end, whether Gollum guessed right or not.†Although Bilbo puts up a tough front by trying to sound brave and bold, he is still pretty weak inside, doubting his own abilities. However, this will change dramatically throughout the novel. Another way he has shown heroic qualities is when he had to save the dwarves from the elves. â€Å" ‘No time now!’ said the hobbit. ‘You just follow me! We must all keep together and not risk getting separated. All of us must escape or none, and its our last chance. His commanding words reflect off as a respected leader. When he said ‘all of us must escape or none’ it means he’s willing to leave no man behind, spoken like a true army general. In the same chapter, Bilbo showed greater heroism, â€Å"Bilbo did his best to find straw and other stuff to pack them in cozily as could be managed in a short time.†This proves that Bilbo cares about his friends and would suffer more himself for the comfort of other. Not only was it because he was the one who wanted them to go into uncomfortable barrels, he tried to make up for it the best he can, it was also because he felt that he was the ‘leader of the pack’ now and that he had the responsibility, the type of responsibility that only a hero would feel. When Bilbo was faced with a huge fear – Smaug, he was at first a little reluctant but confronted it anyways. â€Å" Now I will make you an offer, I have got my ring and will creep down this very noon. Then if veer Smaug ought to be napping – and see what he is up to.†This shows that even if he wasn’t enthusiastic about it, he still gave it a try. Coming from a tiny hobbit hole, eating cakes and drinking tea, it was very challenging for Bilbo to face a frightening, fire-breathing dragon. In chapter 16, ‘ A Thief in the Night’, Bilbo’s growing heroism is shown with the giving of the Arkenstone. Independent moral judgment is displayed when Bilbo goes against his true friend, Thorin. â€Å" Then Bilbo, not without a shudder, not without a glance of longing, handed the marvelous stone to Bard,†This shows that he is willing to give up anything, even the amazing Arkenstone and the friendship with Thorin, to do what’s right. Although he did want to keep their friendship and the Arkenstone at first, he is not materialistic and greedy and gave it to Bard. A hobbit that possesses this type of generosity can be called a hero. I think this novel is actually about the formation of Bilbo Baggins from comfort-loving Hobbit into a fully-fledged hero at the end of the novel. Therefore he doesn’t start off as a hero but certainly as his character develops by the incidents that he faces he shows himself to be truly heroic, especially in contrast to other â€Å"heroic†characters.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Should Students Wear Uniforms
Are Uniforms A Good Way to Improve Students Discipline and Motivation? AED 200 Introduction Uniforms have been a big debate for years. Some educators and parents believe feel uniforms are a great addition to the school system while others feel it is not giving student’s freedom of speech by expressing themselves in what they wear. Should Students Wear Uniforms? Should students wear uniforms is the big debate across school districts across the united states today. According to Eduguide. rg, school uniforms are one step that may break the cycle of violence; truancy and disorder by helping young students understand what really counts. Some feel students benefit from uniforms because it boosts their self-esteem. Students also have feel like they are in a fashion show dressing in uniforms makes students realize what on the inside that counts. Uniforms decrease the influence of gangs and are known to make things difficult for weapons being brought in hidden inside of clothes. Unifor ms improve learning.Uniforms reduce distraction and shapes focus on school work and making the classroom a more serious environment. Uniforms improve behavior and increase school attendance. Uniforms save families time and money. Parents report uniforms are cheaper than buying designer clothes or keeping up with the latest trends. Uniforms helps the administrators quickly identify outsiders who could be a danger to the students. Some people believe uniforms shows neatness by requiring students to tuck in their shirts, wear belts and wear shoes similar in color.Students dressing the same decreases teasing about clothing and shoe appearance. Uniforms prepare children for following a dress code for the future when they reach adulthood and join the workforce. Some children form their own groups in school in which wearing a certain thing or color or style. Some children use fashion trends to differentiate the popular ones from the unpopular children according to what they wear. Uniforms make it less possible for kids to be judged based on clothing choices. Uniforms prevent the competition to have the most fashionable clothes.Competition in school causes students to lose focus on schoolwork instead of on who is wearing the latest fashion trends. Uniforms eliminate clothes competiveness. Another article from Proffessorshouse. com states that some people claim that requiring a uniform increase graduation rates and also has an impact on children’s educational experience. Students performed on the uniform debate claim that uniforms encourage discipline, helps prevent social groups from forming opinions based on fashion status, gets rid of economic barriers and makes easily to identify persons at the school who should not be there.The article also talks about how some form of dress codes enforced around 75% of all schools dress codes are in place to outlaws offensive clothing being worn to the school. After reviewing another article from Ezinearticles. com uniform s create a source of identity and provides a sense of belonging according to the article the article some children’s believe the school chosen for them is a sort of achievement and the school uniform is a mark of inclusion, something to brag about and they feel proud and empowered wearing it.It eliminates the child having to worry about what to wear each day. Uniforms also relieve the parent of having to spend money to helping the child to keep up with the latest trends every day. Uniforms allow a sense of unified purpose to develop particular rivalry with other establishments. Uniforms reinforce children’s since of belonging to reassuring communities. In a 1996 Long Beach, Calif. speech, former President Bill Clinton announced his support of that district's uniform initiative.It didn’t get far in the United States but it also helped start the debate. Uniforms also closes the debate on what children are allowed wear to school, then that makes mornings easier for parents and for children. Everyone knows exactly what the kids need to wear, their regulated school uniform. This leads to a decrease in morning arguments. Some experts believe that when the entire student body is dressed in uniforms, they develop a stronger team mentality. When they are all dressed alike, their all-for-one-and-one-for-all attitude is boosted.With parents saving by not having to buy day to day clothes, they can let their children buy a few nicer and more fashionable clothes for weekends and evenings. Wearing a uniform five days a week can make children appreciate their weekend fashions more. Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms Parents on the opposing side feel uniforms violate the right to freedom of speech and expression; a uniform cost too much for families struggling financially, uniforms are a band aid on the problem of school violence and does not address the real issues behind it.Uniforms hide warning signs that point to problems that maybe going on with th e child. Some feel that uniforms have not been able to prove wither the decreased discipline or violence and uniforms fail to allow children the ability to learn and make good choices based on their own values. Most feel that uniform are not allowing children to be themselves. Some believe that children cannot be themselves clothes are an expression of who they are. Parents feel that uniforms can be more expensive than regular clothes.Some parents may feel they are a big waste of money wither the school paid for them or not. Some feel uniforms made children uncomfortable and made them focus on the uniform rather than focusing on school work. Also uniforms do not change a child’s behavior in school. Wearing uniforms stop children from getting in trouble and acting out in school. Self-expression is an important part of a child’s development and curbing it with uniforms can be determined to children. Some feel if students are not able to express themselves will in another way by excessive make-up or hairstyles or jewelry.Uniform wear delays transitions into adulthood. Some experts feel teenagers to wear uniforms limits their ability to express in their own way in which can delay their transition in adulthood. Studies show uniforms can be a difficult to enforce in public schools. Conclusion Uniforms have many pros and cons, most believe uniforms are a good option for kids while others feel they can compromise who kids are through expressing themselves through the clothes they wear uniforms cuts down on violence and is a solution to economic problems parents may be facing today.My own personal experience with uniforms causes me to look at uniforms in both sides of the issue. I feel uniforms should be forced in middle or high school but voluntary in elementary schools. I feel most kids in elementary school do not notice what each other wear. Middle and high school is the times where students notice what the other person is wearing or form groups based on who they think are popular or the other. Uniforms are a choice based on school officials and it is up to the child or school if uniforms work. References Website: EduGuide. com Website: Ezarticle. com Website: About. com
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Alphonse Gabriel Capone Summary Essay Example
Alphonse Gabriel Capone Summary Essay Example Alphonse Gabriel Capone Summary Paper Alphonse Gabriel Capone Summary Paper Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born In Brooklyn New York to Gabriele Fitzgerald (December 12, 1864 – November 14, 1920) and his wife Teresina Raiola (December 28, 1867 – November 29, 1952) in Brooklyn, on January 17, 1899. [2] Gabriele was a barber from Castellammare di Stabia, a town about 15 miles (24 km) south of Naples, Italy. Teresina was a seamstress and the daughter of Angelo Raiola from Angri, a town in the province of Salerno in southwestern Italy. Gabriele and Teresena had nine children: Vincenzo Capone (1892 – October 1, 1952), Raffaele Capone (January 12, 1894 – November 22, 1974), Salvatore Capone (January 1895 – April 1, 1924) Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), Erminio Capone (born 1901, date of death unknown), Umberto Capone (1906 – June 1980), Matthew Capone (1908 – January 31, 1967), Rose Capone (born and died 1910) and Mafalda Capone (later Mrs. John J. Maritote, January 28, 1912 – March 25, 1988). The Capone family emigrated to Canada for some time before returning in 1894 and settling at 95 Navy Street,[3] in the Navy Yard section of downtown Brooklyn, near the Barber Shop that employed Gabriele at 29 Park Avenue. [3] When Al was 14, the Capone family moved to 21 Garfield Place[3] in Park Slope, Brooklyn. Capone left school in the sixth-grade at age 14, after being expelled for punching a teacher at Public School 133. He then worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including in a candy store and a bowling alley. [4] During this time, Capone was influenced by gangster Johnny Torrio, whom he came to regard as a mentor figure. 5] After his initial stint with small-time gangs, including The Junior Forty Thieves, Capone joined the Five Points Juniors, and then the notorious Five Points Gang. He was mentored by and employed as a bouncer by racketeer Frankie Yale. [6][7] It was in this field that Capone received the scars that gave him the nickname Scarface;[8] he inadvertently insulted a woman while working the door at a Brooklyn night club, provoking a fight with her brother Frank Gallucio. Capones face was slashed three times on the left side. Capone apologized to Gallucio at Yales request and would hire his attacker as a bodyguard in later life. 9][10] When photographed, Capone hid the scarred left side of his face and would misrepresent his injuries as war wounds. [9][11] According to the 2002 magazine from Life called Mobsters and Gangsters: from Al Capone to Tony Soprano, Capone was called Snorky by his closest friends. [12] On December 30, 1918, Capone married Mae Josephine Coughlin, an Irish woman. [10] Earlier that month she had given birth to their son, Albert Francis (Sonny) Capone. [10] The date of Capones departure from New York, with his family, to Chicago is usually set around the year of 1920. 13] Capone came at the invitation of Torrio, who was seeking business opportunities in bootlegging following the onset of prohibition. Torrio had acquired t he crime empire of James Big Jim Colosimo after the latter refused to enter this new area of business and was subsequently murdered (presumably by Frankie Yale, although legal proceedings against him had to be dropped due to a lack of evidence. )[14] Capone was also a suspect for two murders at the time, and was seeking a better job to provide for his new family. [15]
Monday, October 21, 2019
Outfoxed essays
Outfoxed essays In the film Outfoxed, Robert Greenwald tries to portray FOX as a consrvativly biased network. In doing so, Mr. Greenwald himself made a film completely favoring liberalism. Mr. Greenwald attempts to portray the FOX Network and its owner, Rupert Murdoch, as friends to the Republicans. However, in my opinion, all Mr. Greenwald does is show how liberal he is himself and leads me to believe that his film, like Farenheit 9-11, was simply made to slander the Bush administration. Mr. Greenwald does have a lot of evidence to back up his claims. He uses the interview of a smartass, disrespectful kid with Bill OReily as proof, as well as Mr. OReilys debates, that Bill is a die hard right winger. He uses disgruntled ex-employees testimony as proof that FOX is biased behind the scenes. He also employs memos to anchors as proof, showing that the desire of the network to put emphasis on certain topics makes them a one sided unbalanced network. Who is Mr. Greenwald to decide what is Fair and Balanced when he himself makes an extremist left wing film? Nobody, that is who. The only facts he has are the hersay of ex employees and documents as believeible as those used by CBS recently. In my opinion, the bias he is trying to show on FOX is only cancelled out by his own bias. Mr. Greenwald has made a number of films portraying his political views as facts. Mr. Greenwald never worked a day for FOX, so how can he possibly know for certain that what he was told is true? I am also willing to put money on it that he never served a day in the military so how credible are his Uncovered truths about the war with Iraq? Everyone is entitled to their own opinion but I find it hard to believe that someone is biased based on an equally bias film. And who in their right mind would put their faith in the guy that made X ...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
The Pyrenean Ibex Profile
The Pyrenean Ibex Profile The recently extinct Pyrenean ibex, also known by the Spanish common name bucardo, was one of the four subspecies of wild goat to inhabit the Iberian Peninsula. An attempt to clone the Pyrenean ibex was carried out in 2009, marking it the first species to undergo de-extinction, but the clone died due to physical defects in its lungs seven minutes after its birth. Fast Facts: Iberian Ibex Scientific Name: Capra pyrenaica pyrenaicaCommon Name(s): Pyrenean ibex, Pyrenean wild goat, bucardoBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Length of 5 feet; height of 30 inches at the shoulderWeight: 130–150 poundsLifespan: 16 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Iberian Peninsula, Pyrenees mountainsPopulation: 0Conservation Status: Extinct Description In general, the Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) was a mountain goat which was substantially bigger and had larger horns than its extant cousins, C. p. hispanica and C. p. victoriae. It was also called the Pyrenean wild goat and, in Spain, the bucardo. During the summer, the male bucardo had a coat of short, pale grayish-brown fur with sharply defined black patches. During winter it grew thicker, combining longer hair with a layer of short thick wool, and its patches were less sharply defined. They had a short stiff mane above the neck, and two very large, thick curving horns that described a half-spiral twist. The horns typically grew to 31 inches in length, with a distance between them of about 16 inches. One set of horns in Musà ©e de Bagnà ¨res at Luchon, France, measures 40 inches long. Adult males bodies were just under five feet long, stood 30 inches at the shoulder, and weighed 130–150 pounds. Female ibex coats were more consistently brown, lacking the patches and with very short, lyre-shaped and cylindrical ibexs horns. They lacked the males manes. Young of both sexes retained the color of the mothers coat until after the first year when the males began to develop the black patches. dragoms/Getty Images Habitat and Range During the summers, the agile Pyrenean ibex inhabited rocky mountainsides and cliffs interspersed with scrub vegetation and small pines. Winters were spent in snow-free upland meadows. In the fourteenth century, the Pyrenean ibex inhabited much of the northern Iberian Peninsula and were most commonly found in the Pyrenees of Andorra, Spain, and France, and likely extended into the Cantabrian mountains. They disappeared from the French Pyrenees and Cantabrian range by the mid-10th century. Their populations began to decrease steeply in the 17th century, primarily as a result of trophy-hunting by people who craved the ibexs majestic horns. By 1913, they were extirpated except for one small population in Spains Ordesa Valley. Diet and Behavior Vegetation such as herbs, forbs, and grasses comprised most of the ibexs diet, and seasonal migrations between high and low elevations allowed the ibex to utilize high mountain slopes in the summer and more temperate valleys during the winter with thickening fur supplementing warmth during the coldest months. Modern population studies were not conducted on the bucardo, but female C. pyrenaica are known to congregate in groups of 10–20 animals (females and their young) and males in groups of 6–8 except in rutting season when they are largely isolated. Reproduction and Offspring Rut season for the Pyrenean ibex began in the first days of November, with males conducting ferocious battles over females and territory. The ibex birthing season generally occurred during May when females would seek isolated locations to bear offspring. A single birth was the most common, but twins were born occasionally. Young C. pyrenaica can walk within a day of birth. After birth, the mother and kid join the females herd. Kids can live independently from their mothers at 8–12 months but are not sexually mature until 2–3 years of age. Extinction While the exact cause of the Pyrenean ibexs extinction is unknown, scientists hypothesize that some different factors contributed to the decline of the species, including poaching, disease, and the inability to compete with other domestic and wild ungulates for food and habitat. The ibex are thought to have numbered some 50,000 historically, but by the early 1900s, their numbers had fallen to fewer than 100. The last naturally born Pyrenean ibex, a 13-year-old female that scientists named Celia, was found mortally wounded in northern Spain on January 6, 2000, trapped beneath a fallen tree. The First De-Extinction in History Before Celia died, though, scientists were able to collect skin cells from her ear and preserve them in liquid nitrogen. Using those cells, researchers attempted to clone the ibex in 2009. After repeated unsuccessful attempts to implant a cloned embryo in a living domestic goat, one embryo survived and was carried to term and born. This event marked the first de-extinction in scientific history. However, the newborn clone died just seven minutes after its birth as a result of physical defects in its lung. Professor Robert Miller, director of the Medical Research Councils Reproductive Sciences Unit at Edinburgh University, commented: I think this is an exciting advance as it does show the potential of being able to regenerate extinct species. There is some way to go before it can be used effectively, but the advances in this field are such that we will see more and more solutions to the problems faced. Sources Brown, Austin. TEDxDeExtinction: A Primer. Revise and Restore, the Long Now Foundation, March 13, 2013. Folch, J., et al. First Birth of an Animal from an Extinct Subspecies (Capra Pyrenaica Pyrenaica) by Cloning. Theriogenology 71.6 (2009): 1026–34. Print.Garcà a-Gonzlez, Ricardo. New Holocene Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae) Skulls from the Southern Pyrà ©nà ©es. Comptes Rendus Palevol 11.4 (2012): 241–49. Print.Herrero, J. and J. M. Pà ©rez. Capra pyrenaica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T3798A10085397, 2008.Kupferschmidt, Kai. Can Cloning Revive Spains Extinct Mountain Goat? Science 344.6180 (2014): 137-38. Print.Maas, Peter H. J. Pyrenean Ibex - Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica. The Sixth Extinction (archived in Wayback Machine), 2012.Ureà ±a, I., et al. Unraveling the Genetic History of the European Wild Goats. Quaternary Science Reviews 185 (2018): 189–98. Print.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Emplyee relations in the public sector have generally been conflict Essay
Emplyee relations in the public sector have generally been conflict ridden for some time. Discuss the reasons for this and what - Essay Example The interaction of employees with one another is an undertaking that will bear fruit for the organization at large and make the industry realize the true potential of these employees in essence. This paper shall discuss the exact reasons why the employee relations are coming down with the advent of age, and how solutions could be found for the problems that have marred the organizational philosophy for such a long time (Gianaris 1996). What is needed is to inculcate feelings of tolerance and organizational harmony so that employee relations would bolster and the organization would grow and develop with the changing times. It will also examine the different issues which have cropped up and how these would pose as serious difficulties in the coming times. The role of the human resources management department and the top management is also essential because it would bring in sanity and a soothing feeling within the minds and hearts of the employees, which shall transpire automatically w ithin the organizational realms. Discussion on Employee Relations One must understand that employee relations in the present day and age would bring in the much touted value and quality for the sake of the employees and the organization in the long run. ... to grow on their jobs and serve the masses but sadly this is a harsh reality as far as the public sector individuals are concerned (White & Corby 1999). The employee relations also become a point of serious trouble when there are issues within the trade unions and the trade regimes which keep on coming up every now and then. This is a fact that employee relations would have to be improved and enhanced in order to make sure that the public views the entire domains of the public sector as a genuine one and which can deliver value and quality in the form of services for them, without any compromise. Since employee relations are dependent on how the rules and policies of the human resources management department are drafted, it is essential to know that the employee relations should always be understood from a balanced perspective more than anything else. What this suggests is that more or less it is the relationship amongst the employees and the employers themselves which shall be affec ted in a number of different ways if the entire phenomenon of employee relations comes to a standstill (Singh 2006). Employee involvement is seen as a negative element more than anything else and thus employee empowerment is in essence absolutely missing within the business processes, tasks and activities in the organization. When an employee comes out clean with regards to his respective undertakings, it signifies his stance within the domains of the organization and not within the terrains that he is looking forward to having. One must not forget that this is his work and more than that his attitude and the capacity to turn ideas into concepts which will bring him success at the end of the day. On the other hand, all these elements would seem to be a missing element when the employees
Prison Life, Before and After Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Prison Life, Before and After - Research Paper Example Recidivism also jeopardizes the social security. The prison industry is now the fastest growing industry in US, where inmates are working for various industries for a pittance which leads to a new form of inhumane exploitation. Educational programs such as vocational training and employment services programs, social programs dealing with poverty, urban development, education, child and health care, faith based programs, and community corrections programs could play an important role in the reduction of recidivism, and helps them to lead good life in future. Introduction The growth of inmates in America’s prisons witnessed an increasing trend during the past three decades as a recent study reported that one in 100 American adults were behind bars, and one in 31 adults were either incarcerated or on probation or parole (Jennifer Laudano, 2001). Incarceration is one of the main forms of punishment or rehabilitation for committing crimes in United States. In total more than 2.2 mi llion people were in jail in U.S.A., while China ranks second, followed by Russia with 870,000 inmates were in prison. United States has one of the largest prison populations and the highest rate of incarceration in the world thanks to the tough sentencing laws, high crime rates and record numbers of drug offenders (James Vicini, 2006). Adding, arrest rate of offenders has been rising faster than the numbers of prisoners who have been released. The United States’ population is 5% of the world's population, but its incarcerated population is 25 %. Ryan King, who is advocating sentencing reform, in an interview said that United States has more punitive criminal justice system than any other countries, and more people were imprisoned for drug law violations than other countries. While providing statistics, he said that drug offenders account for more than 2 million of the 8 million inmates in prison. To cope with this trend, states were spending more than $60 billion on prisons which make it the second fastest growing area of state budgets, trailing behind Medicaid. Prisons are the most expensive option available for authorities to punish offenders as it costs an average of $80 per day to keep an inmate locked up, which is more than 20 times the cost of a day on probation (Marcie, 2010). Prison conditions: As per U.S. bureau of prisons report, along with prison population, violence in prisons also increased which worsens the condition most. Even in the high security prisons, there was an increasing report of violence in recent years, which prompted to push congress last year for more funds by prison authorities to hire more guards to improve prison conditions. Numbers of serious assaults have been decreased in high security jails, but cases of homicides have been increased amongst prisoners (Marcie M, 2010). Higher rate of violent crimes, harsher sentencing practices, particularly for drug and property offenses, mandatory and determinate sentencing, restri ctions on judicial discretion are some of the factors responsible for overcrowding in US prisons. Overcrowding has negative effects on inmate’s mental and general health, and on the other hand, excess stress can trigger a person to commit suicide
Friday, October 18, 2019
John stuart mill (for history of psychology class) Essay
John stuart mill (for history of psychology class) - Essay Example He left Scotland four years later and went to London. James Stuart's London life has been divided into three periods: that of struggle - 1802-1819, the period of his most successful works - 1819- 1829 and the last one, from 1830 to his death, in 1836, when he both enjoyed fame and had been made Head Examiner in the India House. As to his inner life, some features are to be noticed: the negativist attitude towards religion, the strength of character, the critical and analytical spirit - "there is nothing which such a spirit will not analyze, nothing which it will not dare to comprehend" (Courtney, 1888, p.20), the rationality, lack of imagination and sympathy. Rationality and strength of character are to be seen both in his personal life, in his relationship with his children and friends, deprived of all emotion and feeling, and in his literary works. And it's according to the principles of pure logic that his son, John Stuart Mill was educated. We find an important amount of data concerning John Stuart Mill's life in his own autobiography. In the first chapter of his own book, before starting with the presentation of his childhood and early education, Mill states the reasons of his writing this work: "I do not for a moment imagine that any part of what I h... tory, it may be useful that there should be some record of an education which was unusual and remarkable, and which, whatever else it may have done, has proved how much more than is commonly supposed may be taught, and will taught, in those early years which, in the common modes of what is called instruction, are little better than wasted. It has also seemed to me that in an age of transition in opinions, there may be somewhat both of interest and of benefit in noting the successive phases of any mind which was always pressing forward, equally ready to learn and to unlearn either from its own thoughts or from those of others. But a motive which weighs more with me than either of these, is a desire to make acknowledgment of the debts which my intellectual and moral development owes to other persons; some of them of recognized eminence, others less known than they deserve to be, and the one to whom most of all is due, one whom the world had no opportunity of knowing." (Mill, 1944, p.1) As we can see, from the very beginning, John Stuart Mill states the influence that others had on his own development. From the following pages we find out, in the context of the presentation of his first years of life, who these others were. Born on the 20th of May, 1806, the English philosopher started learning Greek when he was three years old. In his book, this piece of information is presented as told by others, as he himself doesn't remember when he took his first Greek class. He reads Greek masterpieces: Herodotus, Socrates, Diogenes Laertius and Plato's writings and, when he is eight years old, he starts learning Latin. It's also during his early childhood that he learns arithmetic but most of his time is occupied with the reading of books - mostly history books. The child makes
Teacher Attitudes Toward Pay for Performance Incentives for Teachers Essay
Teacher Attitudes Toward Pay for Performance Incentives for Teachers - Essay Example Subsequent intention is to subjects’ responses to qualitative analysis in order to develop an in depth understanding of teachers’ perception on the two remuneration approaches. The developed knowledge will then be communicated to relevant stakeholders. Research results will be communicated orally, and in writing. The compiled dissertation will be communicated orally during its initial presentation and subsequent written communication modes will include hand delivery of the dissertation’s hard copy and electronic communication of soft copies. The soft copy will be sent to each stakeholder’s mail address and a similar copy will be availed online. Phenomenological design, through online surveys, is proposed for implementing the research. In the plan, the research will explore teachers’ experience with the remuneration approaches (Creswell,
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1
Economics - Assignment Example Marginal revenue and Average revenue are constant and equal to price. The optimal level of output is given by Q* where, average variable cost, AVC is minimum. Thus for the competitive firm, the maximising profit condition is AR=P=MR=MC. b) The term monopoly means single to sell and the person who sells is called a monopolist. Monopolists are called â€Å"price setter†and there is restriction to entry of innumerable firms in the market. The monopoly market is a one seller market and many buyers. Indian Railways example of monopoly. The main objective of a monopolist firm is to maximize its profit. The monopolist’s profit maximization point is illustrated in the Figure 2: Here in short run, SRMC is the short run marginal cost and SRAC is short run average cost curves respectively. The monopoly equates MR=MC to find the optimal output Qm. at price Pm. In case of the cost conditions, if price (P) is less that the average cost, then the firm is experiencing loss and will shut down. In case of Long run equilibrium, monopolist requires LRMC=SRMC=MR and P≠¥LRAC. d) Monopolistic competition falls between the two extreme economies of Perfect competition and Monopoly. The main characteristics of the monopolistic market is price differentiation , non-price competition as the products are differentiated among themselves, large number of firms in the market and freedom of entry and exit and freedom of the consumers. The monopolistic market faces a serious problem of decrease in the market revenue through price differentiation. The major problem in the monopolistic competition is the introduction of product heterogeneity which makes difficult for the consumers to differentiate among competitive groups. Under monopolistic market is not clear to draw line. 3. A Price Discriminating Monopolist is better than a pure monopolist. Price Discrimination especially of third degree is always desirable from a social welfare point of view as it results in more
Financing and Real Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Financing and Real Investment - Essay Example The Ryan family of UK started the business with 1 15-seater Bandeirante aircraft and 25 staffs. Within the span of less than 30 years, it has become the best low cost line service provider in entire European market. It is operating in the European market with 8,896 staffs, 272 Boeing 737-800 serving more than 73,553,580 passengers annually. It has achieved tremendous growth in terms of finance, passengers and market share. Its no-frill strategy for low cost has made it to achieve cost leadership in their entire Europe (RyanAir, â€Å"History of RyanAir†). Competitive Position of RyanAir With rapid growth of passengers and market share, it is become the leader of low cost airline industry. Its effective no-frill strategy for low cost leadership has brought a revolution in the market. It has been able to achieve the upper hand position in the market by offering lowest prices, by serving the largest coverage and by achieving the highest traffic growth. The following figure presen ts a comparison of low cost competitors in the European market. ... Financing and Real Investment Activities in RyanAir With the increasing market share and increasing volume of operational business, RyanAir requires a significant amount of aircraft and other assets including plant, property and equipment. As per the reported consolidated balance sheet of 2011, RyanAir has increased its net value of plant, equipment and property by â‚ ¬619.5 million. The consolidated cash flow of RyanAir has presented the â‚ ¬897.2 million outflow of cash in 2011 comparing to â‚ ¬997.8 millions in 2010. However, 2011, RyanAir has made lower investment comparing to the previous years but, management has decided to invest in the real assets with increasing market share (RyanAir-c, p.3-8). The financial activities of RyanAir also show a positive indication. The management has disclosed that within the last three years, RyanAir has returned â‚ ¬850 million to its shareholders but still its financial position is quite. In 2011, the net cash flow from financing activities has reduced in 2011 as it has repaid the long term borrowings of â‚ ¬280.7 million and also pain dividend to shareholders of â‚ ¬500.0 million. This is good indication for the shareholders as in spite of paying â‚ ¬500.0 million of dividends its retained earnings stood at â‚ ¬1,967.6 million. Besides, the company has also made investments in financial assets and derivatives in the previous years and in 2011, it holds the Derivative financial instruments of â‚ ¬23.9 million and Available for sale financial assets of â‚ ¬114.0 million (RyanAir-c, p.3-8). A5 Introduction In order to assess the financial condition of any organisation, the financial analysis techniques are quite necessary important. However, for the financial analysis techniques, certain skills are required which is
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1
Economics - Assignment Example Marginal revenue and Average revenue are constant and equal to price. The optimal level of output is given by Q* where, average variable cost, AVC is minimum. Thus for the competitive firm, the maximising profit condition is AR=P=MR=MC. b) The term monopoly means single to sell and the person who sells is called a monopolist. Monopolists are called â€Å"price setter†and there is restriction to entry of innumerable firms in the market. The monopoly market is a one seller market and many buyers. Indian Railways example of monopoly. The main objective of a monopolist firm is to maximize its profit. The monopolist’s profit maximization point is illustrated in the Figure 2: Here in short run, SRMC is the short run marginal cost and SRAC is short run average cost curves respectively. The monopoly equates MR=MC to find the optimal output Qm. at price Pm. In case of the cost conditions, if price (P) is less that the average cost, then the firm is experiencing loss and will shut down. In case of Long run equilibrium, monopolist requires LRMC=SRMC=MR and P≠¥LRAC. d) Monopolistic competition falls between the two extreme economies of Perfect competition and Monopoly. The main characteristics of the monopolistic market is price differentiation , non-price competition as the products are differentiated among themselves, large number of firms in the market and freedom of entry and exit and freedom of the consumers. The monopolistic market faces a serious problem of decrease in the market revenue through price differentiation. The major problem in the monopolistic competition is the introduction of product heterogeneity which makes difficult for the consumers to differentiate among competitive groups. Under monopolistic market is not clear to draw line. 3. A Price Discriminating Monopolist is better than a pure monopolist. Price Discrimination especially of third degree is always desirable from a social welfare point of view as it results in more
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10
Communication - Essay Example They take with them their respective cultures, values, beliefs and customs which are all so important. The need is there to save these dying languages because they have people who speak them yet in someway are now making use of other languages to satisfy their day to day affairs. Question 2: How do the media and communications technology affect culture? Discuss either how the content of media shapes culture in a particular social context, or how changing communications technology is affecting culture. Media and communications technology affect culture as these keep changing and the cultural adaptations do not seem to catch up. The changing communications technology affects the culture since technology is pacing ahead at a frenetic speed and there seems to be no stopping this phenomenon at all. The culture does not change at such a fast speed and hence the media and communications technology lags far behind resulting in more anarchy within the society than one can think of. This leads to a confused culture on the part of the people who are looking at media and communications technology on the one and adapting to the requirements of the culture on the
Monday, October 14, 2019
Professional Resume Example Essay Example for Free
Professional Resume Example Essay MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS PROFESSIONAL  Bringing 7 + Years of Professional Experience in Communications and Public Relations as Follows: Project Management Program Coordination Press Releases Newsletter Creation Brochure Creation Sales Marketing Strategic Planning Advertising Research Team Building Client Relations Customer Service Vendor Management Media Relations Event Planning Promotions Web Media Proofing PROFESSIONAL SKILLS ACCOMPLISHMENTS Recognized throughout career for in-depth knowledge of marketing, communications, public relations, and project management. Solid organization and team building skills. Adept at maximizing media opportunities by leveraging strategic planning skills for successful media events.   Public Relations Demonstrated expertise in public relations by coordinating adoption events and securing event locations throughout metro Detroit. Solicited businesses and corporations to host events. Scheduled volunteers, ordered retail equipment, and facilitated event promotions such as media alerts, press releases, web calendar, flyers, and print calendars. Created monthly Pet of the Week media schedule and determined talking points for Fox 2, WDIV Channel 4, WXYZ Channel 7, Magic 105.1 (WMGC), 93.1 DRQ (WDRQ) and 96.3 WDVD. Developed weekly Pet of the Week articles with local print and web media including Detroit Free Press, Detroit Free Press Community sections (Detroit, Rochester/Troy and Westland), and Detroit News, Channel 7 and 93.9. Served as Pet of the Week spokesperson for 93.1 and 96. Conducted event promotions for major fundraising, adoption, and third-party events including Meet Your Best Friend at the Zoo and Mutt March. Coordinated information booths at various events such as movie premiers and expos. Marketing Communications Developed marketing materials such as brochures, catalogs, flyers, invitations, advertisements, and email blasts. Coordinated vehicles for events, photo/TV shoots, and trade shows. Conducted creative reviews for micro-sites, posters, and flyers. Developed new product press releases, media alerts, email blasts, and web content. Served as main point of contact for clients, promoters, and sweepstakes vendors. Facilitated registration, travel arrangements, and meeting itineraries. Created email correspondence regarding client relations and managed client databases. As Sales Promotion Coordinator, planned station events including Woodward Dream Cruise, Salvation Army Radiothon, Dick Purtan Golf Classic and Downriver Cruise. Created and designed sales packages, presentations, contracts, and sales pieces. Promoted to Sales Promotions Director for Smooth Jazz V98.7 WVMV-FM to assist in the reorganization and restructuring of the Promotions Department. As Marketing Coordinator, created internal and external corporate communications, advertising and marketing material. Conducted model calls and auditions for fashion shows. Administered research information, layout design, proofing procedures, and approval process for brochures, advertisements, sales flyers, deal sheets, and publications such as Nail Biz Magazine. PROFESSIONAL SKILLS ACCOMPLISHMENTS  (Continued) Project Management Managed and coordinated marketing projects for firm and clients demonstrating exceptional project management Managed the promotion approval process. Strategically planned projects and programs. Provided leadership to the copywriting, research, and proofing process for significant marketing projects. Quoted printing costs and promotional items. Directed fulfillment procedures for client projects. Coordinated Mobile Adoption Unit events and served as spokesperson. Responded to fan mail and website inquiries. WORK HISTORY Digitas, Detroit, Michigan                                                                                             2007 – Present Promotions Associate – GMC, Buick and Branded Entertainment PSI Advantage, Troy, Michigan                                                                                                   2007 Project Manager  T.M. Shea Products, Inc., Troy, Michigan                                                                           2006 2007 Marketing Coordinator / Sales Assistant  Michigan Humane Society, Southfield, Michigan                                                               2004 2006 Promotions Coordinator (2004-2006) Mobile Adoption Unit Coordinator (2004) Infinity Broadcasting, Ferndale, Michigan                                                                          2003 2004 Sales Promotions Coordinator – Oldies 104.3 WOMC The Nailco Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan                                                                 2002 2003 Marketing Coordinator Brogan Partners Convergence Marketing, Detroit, Michigan                                          2001 2002 Public Relations Account Coordinator (Internship) Marketing Associates, Inc., Bloomfield Hills, Michigan                                                      2001 2002 Project Administrator (Internship) COMPUTER PROFICIENCIES Word  ¨ Excel  ¨ PowerPoint  ¨ Outlook  ¨ Publisher Bacons MediaSource  ¨ Customer Service Databases EDUCATION Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Bachelor of Arts in Public Relations, 2002 Member of Golden Key National Honor Society Member of the Public Relations Student Society of America
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Importance of Setting in Eveline of James Joyces Dubliners :: Dubliners Essays
Eveline: The Importance of Setting Setting is one of the most significant elements in a story. The setting goes far beyond the simple physical attributes and external face value. It seems "Eveline" solely takes place in Dublin in an old room, but the setting actually plays a key role in the story. The setting in "Eveline" helps the reader to better understand the behavior of the main character. The setting in "Eveline" is paralyzing, and this helps the reader to understand why Eveline does not go with Frank to Buenos Aires. In the majority of the story Eveline "sat at the window," (512) which parallels with her paralysis because she does not move. Eveline "was going to go away like the others" (512) because she was one of the only people left in Dublin from her childhood. However, Eveline doesn't go since she is trapped in her setting. Almost nothing in Eveline's setting ever changes throughout her life. The significance of Eveline looking around the room "reviewing all its familiar objects" (512) is that she "never dreamed of being divided" from them. All around her Eveline "had those she had know all her life about her" (512). Eveline is a product of her environment. The reader can see how the setting never changes, Eveline's life molds to it. This explains the reason for her not going away and starting a much happier life. It is extremely hard for her to make the decision of whether or not to go with Frank because she only knows one way. Eveline understands that she has "a hard life,"(513) and she has the chance to go to a place where "it would not be like that" (513). However, it scares Eveline to change her setting. After thinking about leaving she did not find her present setting as "wholly undesirable" (513) as she previously did. The latter part of "Eveline" is set by the sea. This sea is a symbol of rejuvenation for Eveline. Much like in "The Awakening" by Kate Chopin, the sea is a way to escape life. "All the seas of the world tumble around her heart," (515) and Eveline is unable to flee from her life to go away with Frank. Eveline's mind has been subconsciencly designed by her environment, and she can't imagine living life any other way. Eveline is so confused and doesn't know what is holding her back, but something is.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
The Character of Hareton in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Essay
The Character of Hareton in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights, written by Emile Bronte, is on of the most famous Victorian novels in English literature. This novel was the only novel written by her. The novel has the social and moral values in England in the nineteenth century as the recurring theme. The adjective ‘wuthering’ is used in some parts of rural England to describe stormy weather. Wuthering Heights is a farmhouse on top of a small hillock, which is open to all the elements of wind and weather and hence is synonymous with passion and violence. The other house nearby, Thrushcross Grange contrasts sharply with Wuthering Heights. The two groups of people residing here, the Earnshaws in the former and the Lintons in the latter, are also people with opposing tendencies. Into this world comes a man alien to both extremes, Heathcliff who is adopted by the Earnshaws. The whole story revolves around these characters. Hareton Earnshaw, son of Frances and Hindley Earnshaw has a small but important part in the novel. Belonging to the second generation of characters, he personifies the passionate nature of the Earnshaws and yet is warm and gentle. Hareton is of a warm and, considering his situation, a very genial disposition. He owns his own share of the wild passions that are so common to the Earnshaws, but is forced into a life of subjugation. He is quite intelligent, but is made to lead a life of an ignorant by Heathcliff, who after Hindley’s death denied him any further education. Hareton as a child is wild and unruly, having a mouthful of foul words. Hareton as young man is still very rough, though subdued ... ...riendship with Cathy grows into a strong and mutual love culminating in a marriage. His love for Cathy is also, like him, pure and innocent. He transforms, from a shabbily clad ignoramus to a respectably dressed gentleman. We do not see any of the common Victorian hypocrisy in his nature. His good character and genial temperament makes him one of the best characters in the novel. Hareton’s presence cannot be felt throughout the novel, but he effectually completes the story. He can be compared to a rough, unpolished diamond whose shine was not so well perceivable until another genial soul unearthed it from the mines of ignorance. He is a shining example of the fact that no matter where the circumstances of one’s life leads to, they will, sooner or later fall upon the track of life on which they are supposed to be.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: Gaining Integrity through Failure Essay
Integrity is achieved through the gaining of wisdom; the gaining of wisdom is a direct result of failure. Arthur Miller wrote the moralizing drama, The Crucible, in this play the main character John Proctor was wrongly accused of witchcraft and served the death penalty along with two others. The story of John Proctor was indirectly summarized by the American author William Saroyan when he said, â€Å"Good people†¦are good because they’ve come to wisdom through failure,†meaning that a person willing to sacrifice for his beliefs is good because although he has failed, by not according to his moral codes he has gained integrity and the ability to refuse to live a life of hypocrisy; further, John Proctor is good because he died refusing to lie in order to live. Proctor failed because his commitments wavered depending upon his own personal needs. Miller demonstrated Proctor’s failure, and later redemption and goodness throughout the text by means of characteriza tion, conflict, and theme. Miller uses the literary element of characterization to show John Proctor’s transformation from failure to goodness. There is a definite contradiction in Proctor; additionally, he says that he loves his wife; but, he adulters her as soon as she becomes ill. Also he does not attend church because he dislikes the way in which Reverend Samuel Parris governs the church, as well as the way he preaches. Proctor abhors how Parris uses donations for the church to buy superfluous things, ††¦When I look to heaven and see my money glaring at his elbows- it hurt my prayer, sir, it hurt my prayer†(69). Proctor’s commitment wavers depending upon his own personal needs. Arthur Miller characterized him as one with weak theology and one who struggled with personal commitment, in Puritan society religion is valued highly and those who don’t follow Puritan rules are not accepted and alienated by society. Salem citizens considered Proctor a religious failure. He was not able to recite the Ten Commandments when asked by Reverend Nathaniel Hale; further, as Proctor was failing to find the tenth commandment, his wife Elizabeth utters delicately, â€Å"Adultery, John†(71). Ironically, Proctor was able to identify all the commandments except the one that he was betraying. Reverend Hale pointed out Proctor’s other religious shortcomings, he discerned that Proctor rarely attended church, â€Å"In the book of record that Mr. Parris keeps, I note that you are rarely on church on Sabbath day†(68). Proctor first argues that Hale must be wrong, then he replies that his wife was sick; so, finally after all of his excuses failed, he resorted to saying that he did not attend church because he did not like Reverend Samuel Parris, Reverend Hale continued to point out Proctor’s fallacies, Hale noted that only two of Proctor’s three sons had been baptized, â€Å"How comes it that only two are baptized†(69). Proctor claims that this is because he dislikes Reverend Parris, â€Å"I like it not that Mr. Parris should lay his hand on my baby. I see no light of God in that man. I’ll not conceal it†(69). Proctor proves himself to be religiously disloyal; additionally, since Samuel Parris was a preacher he must have the light of God is in him according to Puritan beliefs. Proctor challenges Hale’s accusations, â€Å"I nailed the roof upon the church, I hung the door-†(69). Proctor is willing to work for the church, but is not willing to atten d it like society expects him to; he unquestionably contradicts himself at this point. Because of these religious weaknesses and inauthentic choices Proctor’s faith in God is weakened. Proctor reaches wisdom through failure, he overcame his shortcomings and was eventually able to redeem himself in the eyes of society as well as in the eyes of God. When he being frustrated by the false accusations of the court he proclaimed, â€Å"I say- I say- God is dead!†(125). Proctor believes that God is dead and that everyone will burn in Hell together. Later he gains goodness as he realizes that God knows that he is a sinner and that that is all that matters, â€Å"God does not need my name nailed upon the church! He sees my name; God knows how black my sins are! It is enough!†(149). Also, Proctor was tortured for three months, the Salem judges attempted to get him to purge a confession, but to no avail. Proctor knew that if he gave a false confession it would blacken his soul more than anything else would. Elizabeth questioned him prior to his hanging, â⠂¬Å"You- have been tortured? Proctor responded, â€Å"Aye. They come for my life now.†(141). Proctor was tortured for three months and was determined bolster his ideals by showing a cold heart to the judges, here he exemplifies firmness and perseverance. Proctor began as one whose commitment was based on his personal needs, but was transformed to one willing to die for something he believes in, he was changed from a failed person to a moral man. Proctor knows that what the Salem judges were doing was wrong and he refused to be victimized by them. The dynamic characterization of John Proctor throughout The Crucible shows that he is a good person because he is willing to die defending his beliefs; although, he agrees to confess and abandon his previous ideals, he has a change of heart and hangs. Proctor was wrestling with his conscience over whether to confess to witchcraft an action that would save himself from the gallows. The judges and Hale almost convinced him to do so, but the last stumbling block is his signature on the confession, which he could not bring himself to give. In part, this unwillingness reflects his desire to honor his fellow prisoners; he would not be able to live with himself knowing that other innocent, pious people died while he faltered at death’s door and fled. Also he would not sign the false confession because of his children; he did not want them to live knowing that their father was a too timid to stand up for his principles, â€Å"I have three children- how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends?†(150). Proctor also hesitated to sign his false confession for fear of losing his tarnished, but all important name, â€Å"Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies†¦How may I live without my name? (150). He knew that he could only have one name, and if he sign the false confession people would always look down on him as someone who was too cowardly to bolster his beliefs, Still another literary element used by Miller is that of theme. The idea that reputation can greatly effect a character’s thought process is a very important theme throughout the play. Reputation is tremendously important in theocratic Salem, where public and private moralities are one and the same. In an environment where reputation plays such an important role, the fear of guilt by association becomes particularly harmful. Focused on maintaining public reputation, the townsfolk of Salem must fear that the sins of their friends and family may tarnish their own names. John Proctor based his actions on the desire to protect his reputation. Proctor seeks to keep his good name from being damaged; moreover, he attempts to quiet Abigail on the subject of their previous relationship in order to protect his good name. He tells Abigail to forget about their relationship because he has reformed and wants nothing to do with her, â€Å"Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abbyâ € (24). Personal responsibility is another major theme throughout The Crucible; Miller exemplifies Proctor’s transformation from failure to morality through his failed personal responsibilities. As a citizen of Salem, Proctor has the responsibility of attending church weekly; also, he has the responsibility of having his family follow Puritan religious rules. His youngest son is not baptized, Proctor argues that he does not think that Reverend Parris is the right man to baptize his son. Proctor’s largest failed responsibility is that of his loyalty to his wife, Elizabeth. He had with Abigail during his wife’s sickness. Proctor failed because his commitments wavered depending upon his own personal needs, he was in need of companionship and his wife was sick and therefore unable to fulfill his needs, so he abandon his previous ideals. Proctor’s inauthentic choice to lecher his wife contributed to his failings. Elizabeth expressed grief regarding Proctor’s lechery, she was dismayed when she learned of John’s sin, â€Å"You’ll tear it free-when you come to know that I will be your only wife, or no wife at all! (66). Another theme that plays a large role in transforming Proctor from a person of failure to a man with morals is that of intolerance of opposition. The Crucible is set in a theocratic society, in which the church and the state are one, and the Puritan religion is very austere. Because of the theocratic nature of the society, moral laws and state laws are one and the same: sin and the status of an individual’s soul are matters of public concern. There is no room for variation from social standards, since any individual whose private life does not conform to the established moral laws represents a threat not only to the public good; but, they pose a threat to the rule of God and true religion as well. In Salem, everything and everyone belongs to either God or the Devil; opposition is not merely unlawful, it is associated with satanic activity. This division between good and evil, God or the Devil, functions as the underlying logic behind the witch trials. The witch trials are the ultimate expression of intolerance; and, hanging witches is the ultimate means of restoring the community’s purity. The trials categorize all social deviants with the disgrace of devil-worshiping and thus require their elimination from the community. Proctor conformed to society’s ways and hid his sins. Proctor’s failings were represented by the themes of reputation, intolerance, and personal responsibilities, he was unable to fulfill his societal duties; but, he hid his weaknesses in order to keep his social status white. He covered up his affair with Abigail and his religious inadequacies. Proctor adultered Elizabeth and he was unable to live a normal life because of his sins. Proctor also had a chance to put a stop to the girls’ accusations; but, his desire to preserve his reputation keeps him from testifying against Abigail, Proctor tells Elizabeth that he wants to think on the idea of testifying against Abigail because he fears that he may falsely accuse Abigail of fraud, but in actuality he is thinking on it because he does not want to bring adultery charges on himself by testifying against Abigail, he does not want to raise lechery suspicions from Elizabeth, â€Å"†¦I have good reason to think before I charge fraud on Abigail, and I will think on it†(57). However, Proctor’s desire to keep his good name leads him to make the heroic choice not to make a false confession and to go to his death without signing his name to an untrue statement, he proclaims to the court, â€Å"I have given you my soul; leave me my name!†(150). By refusing to surrender his name, he redeems himself for his failure and therefore dies with integrity. Elizabeth expresses true feelings toward John because she knew that they might never speak to each other again. She explained to John that she was one who was wrong, she said that she should not have been suspicious of John, â€Å"Suspicion kissed you when I did; I never knew how I should say my love. It were a cold house I kept!†(144). Proctor surely has his integrity when Elizabeth exclaims to Judge Hathorne that John is a moral man, â€Å"Do what you will. But let none be your judge. There be no higher judge under Heaven than Proctor is! Forgive me, forgive me, John- I never knew such goodness in the world!†(144). Through the trials Proctor realized the conformists of society, and how people surrender to altering their own beliefs. When John is facing death he is redeemed and gains integrity. Elizabeth looks past John’s adultery and recognizes t hat has transformed into a respectable man. The literary element of conflict is frequently used throughout The Crucible to show John Proctor’s transition from ethical failure to moral success. The external conflict between John and Elizabeth shows John in as a failure, their conflict was caused by John’s affair with Abigail. Elizabeth expressed her grief upon learning of John’s lechery, â€Å"†¦I will be your only wife, or no wife at all! She [Abigail] has an arrow in you yet, John Proctor, and you know it well!†(66). Another external conflict exists between John and society, particularly, the judges and governors. The Salem governors convince Proctor that the right way to go is to give a false confession; further, he would spare his life, and religiously rid himself of sin by confessing. Here, Proctor failed. He chose to give a false confession, he chose to wrongly admit to witchcraft instead of standing by his morals like Martha Corey and Sarah Good did before him. Along those same lines, John failed himself. Internally he was struggling with the same the decision of giving a false confession. Proctor failed through both internal and external conflicts. He was convinced to falsely confess, and he also adultered his wife. Proctor was redeemed internally; he found wisdom from within and reformed. Proctor realized that adultery greatly troubled his relationship Elizabeth and also his public reputation, and redeemed himself by means of admitting his sins to Elizabeth and saying that he takes his own sins upon himself, no one else’s, â€Å"No, I take my own [sins], my own!†(144). Proctor also became conscious of the fact that integrity is much more important than reputation. He shows this recognition through deciding not to give a false confession. By not giving a false confession he redeemed himself and reached virtue. In the end, he was hanged and showed his goodness through his willingness to sacrifice his own life defending something that he believes in. Instead of being used by the court to damn witchcraft, he went against the court, and did the opposite of what they wanted him to do. By not conforming to the courts requests of a false confession he showed once more his integrity and morality. Furthermore, Arthur Miller depicts John Proctor’s goodness by showing that he has integrity, morals, and ideals. The American author William Saroyan said, â€Å"Good people†¦are good because they’ve come to wisdom through failure.†Someone who is willing to sacrifice for his beliefs is a good person because although he has failed, by not according to his moral codes he has gained the integrity and the ability to refuse to live a life of hypocrisy. The Crucible is directly related to the McCarthy hearings of the 1950s and 1960s. Senator Joseph McCarthy fought the growing Communist party during the â€Å"Red Scare,†when America was vulnerable to the growing threat of Communist invasion. McCarthy’s hearing is directly related to The Crucible because like the McCarthy hearings The Crucible sends a timeless message. Joseph McCarthy stood up to American society to publicly defend his reputation, as well as the reputations of others; additionally John Proctor did the same in The Crucible as he refused to shame himself by lying and taking the easy way out when others died for their morals. Works Cited: Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. New York: Penguin Books, 1953.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Edi System
EDI Electronic Data Interchanges Electronic Data Interchanges technology is a complicated mixture of three disciplines: business, data processing and data communication. Integrated with logistics practices EDI can be defined as the electronic exchange of business data, such as purchase orders, invoices, and shipping notices, typically between one organization and another. The relationship is usually between a vendor and customer. EDI began in the 1970s and was first developed by the automobile Industry.Today is used in different industries including distribution, finance, health care, manufacturing, purchasing, retail, publishing, and shipping. EDI system is in evolution and is adapting to the current market situation. In fact, EDI is a technology that many companies are using in its logistics practices in international supply chain operations. Many businesses choose EDI as a fast, inexpensive, and safe method of sending all documents used on business. Any business application that i mplements EDI works in a fast, efficient and paperless environment.The traditional document flow for purchasing transactions starts with data entry by the purchaser to create a paper document to send by mail to trading partners. Once the trading partners receive the data, they keystroke the information received into a local application and then perform more data entry by entering a response into a local application. The resultant paper document is then mailed to the purchaser. The procedure is both time consuming and labor intensive because data from both trading partners has to be entered twice.EDI data is key in only one time, at the original point of entry. The data is then translated into a standard format electronically and sent to the trading partner electronically. Time for transmission is very fast in comparison to postal mail. Even on a slow modem connection the time is considerably shorter than through the postal service. EDI Benefits â€Å"Removing unnecessary process ta sks benefits the whole supply chain, allowing improved performance and cost management. †By using Electronic Data Interchange systems companies have made significant improvements, benefits and savings.Over 160. 000 companies have made the change to electronic data interchange to improve their efficiencies. Many of these companies require all of their partners to also use EDI. Studies have shown that manually processing a paper order can cost 70 times more than processing the same order thru EDI. The most relevant benefits are: * Much less labor time is required and fewer errors are made because computer systems process the documents rather than processing by hand. When a company reduces manual work and administration reduce the process operating costs. EDI is commonly used instead of faxing and mailing paper documents improving the efficiency of communicating documents. When the timing of the invoice to goods delivery is shortened it improves the invoice approval and streamli nes its payment. * Fewer errors occur because computer systems process the documents rather than processing by hand * Data integrity can be secured across the supply chain because suppliers' information is automatically sent to customers' systems. Improved processing efficiency increases the opportunity to negotiate early settlement discounts, reducing the cost base for customers. Business transactions flow faster: Faster transactions support reduction in inventory levels, better use of warehouse space, fewer out-of-stock occurrences and lower freight costs through fewer emergencies expedites. EDI Barriers Standards are a necessary part of EDI. Every business has application files that are used to manipulate their data in ways that are familiar to the business. The problem is that most businesses though using the same types of data do not use the same application programs or hardware and software platforms.If businesses are to be able to communicate their data to one another, they m ust have a common ground to meet on to allow the exchange of the information. Standards are the solutions to this problem. All business that conforms to specific standards can share data in the formats delineated by those standards. Data processing One of the technological fields required to implement EDI is data processing. Data processing allows the EDI operation to take information that is resident in a user application and transform that data into a format that is recognizable to all other user applications that have an interest in using the data.In the EDI environment, data processing will handle both outgoing and incoming data. The user-defined files are the files that are produced by a business application. These files may or may not be formatted by the user. These are the business files that need to be translated into the ANSI X12 or EDIFACT standard format. Standards The heart of EDI is the document standards. Every business has application files that are used to manipulate their data. The problem is that most businesses, though using the same type of data, do not use the same programs, software and hardware platforms. The solutions to this problem are the standards.The American National Standards Institute's Accredited Standards Committee X12 (ANSI ASC X12) is the accepted standard for EDI transactions in the United States. The ANSI ASC X12 committee has the mandate to develop variable-length data formats for standard business transactions. The committee was accredited in 1980, and the X12 standard has been evolving ever since. One of the requirements placed on the committee was and is to keep the standard open to inter-industry applications. This requirement makes the standard more complex than an industry-specific standard, but the advantages easily overcome the disadvantage of complexity.With a single standard, a business has multiple functionality and only has to use one standard for each business function. The International Standards Organizatio n (ISO), an organization within the United Nations, has developed the EDI standard that is used in Europe. The Electronic Document Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transportation (EDIFACT) is the UN standard that the whole world has agreed to eventually adopt. The actual implementation of EDIFACT within the U. S. has been moving at a snail's pace. Everyone agrees that EDIFACT is the international standard.Security One of the major roles provided by the data communications technology is the ability to apply security to EDI transactions so that the transactions will not be tampered with or observed, depending on the level of security needed. Confidentiality Confidentiality requires that all communications between parties are restricted to the parties involved in the transaction. This confidentiality is an essential component in user privacy, as well as in protection of proprietary information and as a deterrent to theft of information services.Confidentiality is concerned with the unauthorized viewing of confidential or proprietary data that one or both of the trading partners does not want known by others. Confidentiality is provided by encryption. Encryption is the scrambling of data so that it indecipherable to anyone except the intended recipient. Encryption prevents snoopers, hackers, and other prying eyes from viewing data that is transmitted over telecommunications channels. Data Integrity Data sent as part of a transaction should not be modifiable in transit. Similarly, it should not be possible to modify data in storage.Data integrity is a guarantee that what was sent by the sender is actually what is received by the receiver. This is necessary if there is a need to ensure that the data has not been changed either inadvertently or maliciously. However, authentication schemes do not hide data from prying eyes. Providing data integrity is generally cumbersome and not used unless one of the trading partners requires it. The normal mechanism fo r acquiring data integrity is for the sender to run an algorithm against the data that is being transmitted and to transmit the result of the algorithm separately from the transmission.Upon receipt of the transmission, the receiver runs the identical algorithm and then compares the results. If the results are identical, then data has not been modified. Examples of EDI implementation EDI for the Automotive Industry EDI has been in use across the automotive industry for over forty years. The smooth running of today’s car production lines rely on the seamless exchange of business documents between the car manufacturers and their supply chain. Many of the business processes used in the manufacture of today’s cars were developed from a production system devised by Toyota in Japan.A number of best practices were developed around the ‘Toyota Production System’, for example Just-In-Time and Lean Manufacturing. JIT and Lean Manufacturing processes are central to th e smooth running of many production lines around the world and EDI provides a fast and efficient way to transfer business documents in order to support these types of manufacturing processes. Providing visibility of inventory levels and notification of when shipments are due to arrive at the production line are critical to making JIT and Lean manufacturing processes a success.The global nature of the automotive industry means that it is important for car manufacturers to be able to onboard their suppliers as quickly as possible, no matter where they may be based around the World. Many car manufacturers have established a manufacturing presence in for example Eastern Europe, Brazil and China and it is important to ensure that suppliers located in these regions are able to exchange EDI documents as smoothly as possible.ICT skills across low cost or emerging markets are traditionally very low therefore the car manufacturers must ensure that they can provide simple to use EDI tools that allow even the smallest suppliers to be able to trade electronically. Due to the global nature of the automotive industry, there are numerous communications and document standards in use today, along with a number of regional specific EDI networks. EDI for the Financial Services IndustryThe success of the financial services industry relies on its ability to process payables and receivables, as well as manage investments and loans on behalf of its customers both retail and wholesale. For years many of these processes were manual and paper intensive. However, the introduction of EDI has allowed the financial services industry to automate many of the transactions required to transmit payment and remittance data from one party to another. As a result of the economic upheaval of the past few years, the world has come to recognize and appreciate the interdependent nature of the global financial infrastructure.The financial supply chain has become a reality for global business as buyers f rom one geography rely on goods from suppliers based in other regions that utilize different currencies and are governed by different regulations. EDI provides not only low cost alternative to traditional paper-based payment methodologies but also enables organizations to realize faster, more accurate and more flexible payment structures in the course of doing business. EDI enables the full alignment of the financial supply chain with the movements of the physical supply chain.A fully automated financial supply chain enables the seamless, accurate and timely exchange of financial documents between buyers, suppliers and their financial institutions. With EDI an organization can electronically transfers funds from one bank account to another designated bank account or counterparty. Electronic payments are processed to allow organizations to have access to funds more quickly and with fewer exceptions or delays due to human error. EDI for the High Tech IndustryEDI has been in use across the high tech industry for many years. The high tech value chain has become very complex with many high tech companies relying on external partners to help design and manufacture their products. Due to the nature of the high tech industry there has been a desire to try and exchange business transactions electronically, more so than many other industry sectors. The high tech industry is very consumer driven which has meant that high tech supply chains have had to become flexible to changing consumer demands.There has also been an increasing demand for introducing Vendor Managed Inventory systems to ensure that retailers have the correct levels of inventory to support for example new product launches or seasonal fluctuations in consumer demand. For this reason inventory visibility across retail networks and multi modal logistics networks is important for both the high tech companies and their trading partner community. Many high tech companies have globalised their operations to take advantage of low cost suppliers in many of the emerging markets around the world.This has meant that the high tech manufacturing companies have had to ensure that they can trade electronically with suppliers in any country around the world, even those with limited ICT related skills . EDI Stages of Implementation Many companies implement electronic data exchange as part of their customer-supplier partnerships. Both the customers and suppliers expect to gain operational and competitive benefits. A link exists between the level of implementation of EDI and the associated benefits. Benefits from EDI for a supplier company appear limited unless the company reaches an advanced stage of EDI implementation.In this stage the customer and the supplier openly sharing information on demand patterns, inventory levels, and planned production. Achieving this level of implementation is a significant challenge for those professionals involved in EDI installations. The implementation stages for sup plier companies using EDI are: * Stage 1, EDI is used for a small number of transactions with one trading partner. Some documents are handled electronically, while all others are completed manually. Electronic documents are manually entered into the MRP planning system.The benefits include reductions in paperwork, reductions in time spent sorting and filing mailed documents, reductions in input errors, faster response time and standardized information. * Stage 2, EDI is used with two or more customers for a small number of transactions. The extent of implementation relates to the volume of business transacted through EDI. The additional benefits include reductions in inventory, reductions in lead time, and improve customer relations. * Stage 3, EDI technology is integrated into the MRP planning system to update transaction-driven information without additional data entry. Stage 4, EDI is integrated with customers to the extent that the firm can inquire into a customer’s datab ase for information such as inventory status and shipments. * Stage 5, EDI transactions are found in all functions of the business organization: quality control, engineering, manufacturing, marketing and accounting. As new benefits the cost reduction and efficient business operations, effective use of personnel assigned to new tasks. Conclusions EDI is well established as effective technology got reducing costs and increasing efficiency.EDI technologies are approximately the same age as Internet technologies. In the past, the technologies have been mutually exclusive, but this is rapidly changing. As the two technological communities begin to merge and as the business community sees the advantages of this merger, EDI and the Internet will eventually become everywhere. The implementation level affects the benefits companies can expect from installing EDI. At early stages of implementation, companies can expect only those benefits that result from improvements in the transaction proce ss.As planning systems are linked, companies can expect improvements in lead time, reductions in inventory, and other benefits derived from sharing information with their customers and suppliers. EDI represents a specific class of inter-organizational systems, and the concept carries with it a unique set of strategic and implementation considerations. The most significant and, heretofore, most overlooked factor in determining the effective use of EDI is the organization’s ability to manage the changes in structure and work processes that must attend the implementation of this technology.EDI development is a process that takes time and patience, and those who start first have the best chance of staying ahead of the competition if they recognize that EDI involves a continuous process of change. There is no end to organizational change in this era of rapidly evolving information technology. References * Bort, R. , and Bielfeldt, G. R. Handbook of EDI. Boston, Massachusetts: Warr en, Gorham and Lamont. * Canis, R. J. , Value-added networks: What to look for now and in the future. Conference Proceedings EDI 2000: EDI, Electronic Commerce, and You; (pp. 141-157). * Kimberley, P. (1991). EDI.New York: McGraw-Hill. * Sawabini, S. (1995). Introduction to EDI. Conference Proceedings EDI 2000: EDI, EC, and You, (pp. 1-36). * Sokol, P. K. (1995). From EDI to EC: A Business Initiative. New York: McGraw-Hill. * Rhonda R. Lummus, The Evolution to Electronic Data Interchange: Benefits in the stages of implementation. Central Missouri State University. Warrensburg, Missouri. * Callahan, Daniel K. â€Å"The Impacts of Electronic Integration on Buyers and Suppliers. â€Å"Master's Thesis, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge * â€Å"Business Is Turning Data Into A Potent Strategic Weapon,†Business Week
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